The term 'World' occupies one of the most contested and generative positions in the depth-psychology corpus, functioning simultaneously as cosmological structure, phenomenological ground, psychological container, and spiritual adversary. No single valence prevails. Plato's Timaeus establishes the archetype of the World-Soul — a rational, self-moving, spherical cosmos animated by divine Reason — which reverberates through Stoic physics (the world as divine animal suffused by world-heat and pneuma), Neoplatonism, and ultimately into Renaissance and depth-psychological conceptions of anima mundi. Against this participatory cosmology stands the Gnostic counter-tradition identified by Hans Jonas: here the World is the alien domain, the prison of light, the inn in which the soul lodges as a stranger. Heidegger's phenomenological analysis introduces yet another register, distinguishing the ontical totality of entities from 'worldhood' as an existential structure of Dasein's Being-in. Tarnas extends this into cultural diagnosis: the modern world view enforces a radical subject-object split absent from primal cosmologies. Hillman and Sardello, working in the Jungian-archetypal lineage, press toward reanimation of the world through the anima mundi — insisting that soul inheres in things, not merely in persons. The tensions that most energize this cluster are: immanence versus transcendence, participation versus alienation, and the world as psychological fact versus the world as mere material substrate.
'World' can be a comprehensive idea if as an autonomous entirety it accommodates the observer as if he were moving about in the world he normally is surrounded by.
Kerényi theorizes 'world' as a totality-concept that absorbs and orients the observer, using the Hermes-world as a paradigm case of how a mythic figure generates a coherent, autonomous cosmos of meaning.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944thesis
World views create worlds. Perhaps the most concise way of defining the modern world view is to focus on that which distinguishes it from virtually all other world views.
Tarnas argues that the modern world view is defined by a radical subject-object division absent from primal cosmologies, and that this epistemic posture actively shapes — not merely reflects — the experienced world.
, Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View, 2006thesis
all things, whether constructed or natural, by presenting their virtues carry soul. When I look to history for a model for this soul in manufactured things, I make a classical, renaissance move.
Hillman recasts the concept of world-soul (anima mundi) to argue that soul is not confined to persons but inheres in things, dissolving the Romantic opposition between technology and nature.
, The Thought of the Heart and the Soul of the World, 1992thesis
soul inheres within the world and creates our psyches. What happens when we enter into the inner sense of the world? We leave the world of space and enter into the world of movement.
Sardello inverts the animism argument: rather than the psyche projecting soul onto the world, soul is ontologically primary in the world and constitutes human interiority.
, Facing the World with Soul: The Reimagination of Modern Life, 1992thesis
the world on its part: is just as incomprehensible to the alien that comes to dwell here, and like a foreign land where it is far from home. Then it suffers the lot of the stranger.
Jonas expounds the Gnostic phenomenology of the world as an alien, hostile domain in which the pneumatic soul is imprisoned, exiled from its true origin.
, The Gnostic Religion: The Message of the Alien God and the Beginnings of Christianity, 1958thesis
'Thou wert not from here, and thy root was not of the world.' If the emphasis is on the temporary and transient nature of the worldly sojourn and on the condition of being a stranger, the world is called also the 'inn.'
Jonas catalogs the Gnostic symbolic vocabulary — inn, tent, garment — through which the world is figured as temporary enclosure from which the soul must eventually escape.
, The Gnostic Religion: The Message of the Alien God and the Beginnings of Christianity, 1958thesis
The life-world comprises the everyday world and the things that can be directly experienced within the everyday world... The life-world is subject-relative in the sense that it is relationally bound to human subjectivity.
Thompson articulates the Husserlian concept of the life-world as the pre-theoretical, subject-relative ground that subtends and evidentially founds all scientific objectification of nature.
, Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind, 2007thesis
The world itself, like the heavenly gods and man, is divine because it contains the divine element, reason. Reason, moreover, as Plato says here and elsewhere, cannot be present in anything apart from soul.
Plato's Timaeus establishes the world as a divine living creature animated by World-Soul, whose rational self-motion constitutes the cosmological analogue of the reasoning human psyche.
, Plato's cosmology the Timaeus of Plato, 1997thesis
the World's Soul is not pure intelligence; being united with a perceptible body, it may be imagined as having internal feelings, which would be covered by the word aesthesis.
The commentary on the Timaeus specifies that the World-Soul, though supremely rational, is not purely intellectual but also has a form of internal aesthetic sensibility by virtue of its embodiment.
, Plato's cosmology the Timaeus of Plato, 1997supporting
The Stoics had Platonic precedents for positing a 'world-soul'... the immanent source of cosmic motion. They differed strongly from Plato, however, in treating the world-soul as identical to the divine Craftsman.
Long and Sedley show how Stoic physics radically immanentizes the Platonic world-soul, identifying it fully with god and with the 'breath' coextensive with all matter, collapsing the Platonic form/matter distinction.
, The Hellenistic Philosophers, 1987supporting
the world possesses wisdom, and that the element which holds all things in its embrace is pre-eminently and perfectly rational, and therefore that the world is god.
Cicero's Stoic spokesman Balbus equates world, divine rationality, and god through the argument from the superior quality and self-motion of cosmic heat relative to the lesser warmth animating individual organisms.
, De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods), -45supporting
the act is a world act that we have come to take as our own, thereby producing an impenetrable veil over the world. The only way to lift this veil is to think on the side of the world.
Sardello argues that consciousness habitually appropriates as subjective what are in fact acts of the world's own thinking, and that genuine world-perception requires silent attunement to the feelings of the world rather than feelings about it.
, Facing the World with Soul: The Reimagination of Modern Life, 1992supporting
'Nowhere', however, does not signify nothing... the 'obstinacy of the nothing and nowhere within-the-world' means as a phenomenon that the world as such is that in the face of which one has anxiety.
Heidegger identifies the 'world as such' — disclosed through anxiety — as a phenomenological structure in which the absence of any particular threatening entity reveals the ontological groundlessness of Dasein's being-in-the-world.
, Being and Time, 1962supporting
'World' is used as an ontical concept, and signifies the totality of those entities which can be present-at-hand within the world.
Heidegger introduces his systematic disambiguation of 'world,' distinguishing its ontical usage from 'worldhood' as an existential-ontological structure, a distinction foundational to his analysis of Dasein's being-in.
, Being and Time, 1962supporting
if imagining is the native activity of the anima mundi, then fantasy is always going on and is not subject to a phenomenological epoché.
Hillman's archetypal psychology situates fantasy as the continuous activity of the world-soul (anima mundi), making it impossible to bracket the imaginative substrate and achieve pure objectivity toward phenomena.
, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account, 1983supporting
if imagining is the native activity of the anima mundi, then fantasy is always going on and is not subject to a phenomenological epoché.
A duplicate passage reiterating Hillman's claim that anima mundi as the world's imaginative activity forecloses any purely objective phenomenological stance.
, Archetypal Psychology, 1983aside
Plato's world is saved from such calamities by its uniqueness. Aristotle appears to have repeated Plato's argument in his dialogue On Philosophy: The cosmos must be ungenerated and indestructible.
The commentary establishes Plato's doctrine that the world's uniqueness — its singularity as a living creature — is the ontological guarantee of its indestructibility, in contrast to Democritean cosmologies of plural, colliding worlds.
, Plato's cosmology the Timaeus of Plato, 1997supporting
When the steersman of the universe let go of the tiller and retired to his own conning-tower, the world began to turn the other way by fate and its own inborn impulse.
The Timaeus commentary details the myth of cosmological reversal, in which the world's own congenital impulse and fate take over when divine governance is withdrawn, illustrating the tension between rational order and autonomous material tendency.
, Plato's cosmology the Timaeus of Plato, 1997supporting
Everything in the world which is constituted by its own tenor has parts which move towards the centre of the universe, and the same holds for the parts of the world itself.
Zeno's Stoic physics posits the world's structural cohesion through centripetal tendency, with all parts moving toward the cosmic centre, explaining the world's self-maintaining stability in infinite void.
, The Hellenistic Philosophers, 1987supporting
There are different worlds which emerge one from another. The first world is the lowest.
Von Franz's account of a Navajo emergence myth presents 'world' as a layered cosmological structure through which creation ascends from primordial depths, illustrating cross-cultural archetypal patterns of world-formation.
, Creation Myths, 1995aside
This work on the soul of the world narrows the gap between the reliable and the unknown and dislodges the feeling that no matter what, control will be possible.
Sardello describes work on the world-soul as an enterprise that destabilizes the modern fantasy of control, linking the presence of Sophia in the world to a fundamental uncertainty that cannot be domesticated.
, Facing the World with Soul: The Reimagination of Modern Life, 1992aside