Otto Writes

The manifestation of the divine amidst the desolation and confusion of this world cannot possibly be rep-resented with greater forcefulness. Apollo's other statues also characterize him through nobility of attitude and movement, through the power of his glance, through the illuminating and liberating effect of his bearing. In the lineaments of his counte-nance virile strength and clarity are combined with the splendor of the sublime.

— Walter F. Otto

Apollo arrives already victorious — that is what makes him so seductive and so dangerous. Otto is reading the statues correctly: the god's form does not negotiate with desolation, it displaces it. Clarity emanates from the countenance like light from a source, and the world's confusion recedes. This is precisely how the pneumatic works. It does not deny suffering; it illuminates from above it, and the illumination feels like liberation because it is a kind of liberation — real, immediate, the chaos genuinely dimmed.

But notice what the statue does not show. There is no middle voice in marble. Apollo stands finished, his beauty a completed argument. The soul that encounters him there receives a completed argument about itself: that it too might stand above the desolation, noble, clear, the wound healed into posture. Nietzsche understood this when he set Apollo against Dionysus — not to condemn the Apolline but to insist that the Dionysian mess is what the brilliant surface is always organizing against. Otto reads the statues; Nietzsche reads the need for them. Neither reading cancels the other. The god is real. The question is what we are asking him to do with our confusion when we come to stand before him.


Walter F. Otto·The Homeric Gods: The Spiritual Significance of Greek Religion·1929