William James

William James occupies a foundational position in the depth-psychology corpus, appearing not as a marginal precursor but as a substantive intellectual force whose work on religious experience, the stream of consciousness, and the somatic basis of emotion shaped the entire field. The corpus registers James along several distinct axes. First, his Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) is treated as a generative text for understanding spiritual transformation, most prominently in the literature on Alcoholics Anonymous, where Wilson’s reading of James is shown to have furnished the conceptual architecture for the Twelve Steps — deflation, conversion, the ‘gift from the blue.’ Second, James figures as the counterpoint to Freudian reductionism: where Freud dismissed religious experience as illusion, James granted it empirical legitimacy and psychological efficacy. Third, the corpus tracks the personal intellectual bond between James and Jung, cemented at the 1909 Clark University conference, where Jung reportedly found in James both a model and a kindred spirit. Fourth, James’s somatic theory of emotion — that bodily changes constitute rather than merely express the emotion — appears as a pivot point in neuroscientific discussions by Damasio and LeDoux. Tension runs throughout: James’s pragmatism and pluralism made him an ally of depth psychology without making him a depth psychologist, and the corpus negotiates this distinction with varying degrees of precision.

In the library

Our natural way of thinking about these emotions is that the mental perception of some fact excites the mental affection called the emotion … My thesis on the contrary is that the bodily changes follow directly the PERCEPTION of the exciting fact and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion.

Damasio identifies James’s 1884 somatic theory of emotion as the foundational provocation for all subsequent emotion science, framing it as a direct inversion of folk-psychological common sense.

Damasio, Antonio, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain, 2010thesis

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

William James, the leading thinker in the burgeoning science of experimental psychology in the U.S., took the opposite stance. Not only did he put stock in the validity and power of his own mystical experiences … James discovered that people from all walks of life have at times undergone profound psychological transformations that have had the earmarks of what he called ‘religious conversions.’

Peterson establishes James as the pivotal American counterforce to Freudian reductionism, whose empirical validation of mystical and religious experience became the intellectual seedbed for Wilson’s Twelve Steps.

Peterson, Cody, The Shadow of a Figure of Light, 2024thesis

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

Spiritual experiences, James thought, could have objective reality; almost like gifts from the blue, they could transform people … Complete hopelessness and deflation at depth were almost always required to make the recipient ready. The significance of all this burst upon me.

Kurtz documents the precise moment at which Wilson absorbed James’s account of spiritual transformation and recognized it as the psychological template for his own experience and for the founding concept of A.A.

Kurtz, Ernest, Not God A History of Alcoholics Anonymous, 2010thesis

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

William James was an early critic of psychology’s tendency to overemphasize the contents of the mind while ignoring the flowing stream of consciousness itself — which for him was like saying that ‘a river consists of nothing but pailsful, spoonsful, quartpotsful, barrelsful, and other molded forms of water.’

Welwood positions James as an early ally of contemplative and Buddhist psychology by virtue of his insistence on the primacy of the consciousness-stream over its reified contents.

Welwood, John, Toward a Psychology of Awakening Buddhism, Psychotherapy,, 2000thesis

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

Herrmann posits that ‘the basic attitude Jung found in William James and that so appealed to him when he rediscovered his soul [after meeting James in 1909 at Clark University] is a similar one he’d discovered first in adolescence when he studied Eckhart.’

Peterson, drawing on Herrmann, argues that Meister Eckhart supplied the missing link between James and Jung, with both thinkers sharing a common disposition toward the living ground of religious experience.

Peterson, Cody, The Shadow of a Figure of Light, 2024thesis

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

Our normal waking consciousness, rational consciousness as we call it, is but one special type of consciousness, whilst all about it, parted from it by the filmiest of screens, there lie potential forms of consciousness entirely different.

Siegel invokes James’s Varieties to anchor a neurodevelopmental argument that non-ordinary states of consciousness are scientifically legitimate and must be integrated into any complete account of mind.

Siegel, Daniel J., The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are, 2020supporting

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

‘[James] spoke to Jung without looking down on him; Jung felt that they had an excellent rapport … that James was a model.’

Peterson cites Shamdasani’s recovery of omitted biographical material to establish the depth of James’s personal influence on Jung as mentor and intellectual exemplar.

Peterson, Cody, The Shadow of a Figure of Light, 2024supporting

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

Wilson apparently did not note and certainly did not cite what was in James: the openness to explicit religion … if there is one key word as well as concept in Varieties, it is not ‘deflation’ but ‘conversion.’

Kurtz critically examines the gap between what James actually argued in Varieties and what Wilson selectively extracted, revealing that Wilson’s reading was creative and partial rather than faithful.

Kurtz, Ernest, Not God A History of Alcoholics Anonymous, 2010supporting

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

‘By nightfall, this Harvard professor, long in his grave had, without anyone knowing it, become a founder of Alcoholics Anonymous.’

Kurtz documents Wilson’s own posthumous attribution of co-founder status to James, reflecting the degree to which Varieties was treated as constitutive rather than merely influential for A.A.

Kurtz, Ernest, Not God A History of Alcoholics Anonymous, 2010supporting

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

For William James (1842–1910), science, unlike religion and his kind of philosophy, was remote, general, and above all impersonal. Though like Jung with a medical degree, he was highly critical of scientists making a religion of their dedication.

The seminar notes place James alongside Jung as a shared critic of scientism’s impersonal abstractness, underscoring their common intellectual temperament and the basis of their affinity.

Jung, C.G., Nietzsche’s Zarathustra: Notes of the Seminar Given in 1934-1939, 1988supporting

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

Wilson’s spiritual experience emerged with the help of two psychologists he never met, who themselves were riding the razor’s edge of thought, in what was still a nascent branch of science.

Peterson frames James as one of two psychologists whose work, unknown to Wilson personally, nonetheless structured his spiritual awakening and the subsequent formulation of the Twelve Steps.

Peterson, Cody, The Shadow of a Figure of Light, 2024supporting

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

I do remember the Clark Conference of 1909. It was my first visit to the United States and for this reason my recollections are particularly vivid.

Jung’s own letter corroborates the biographical importance of the 1909 Clark University gathering, the occasion at which his encounter with James left a lasting personal impression.

Jung, C.G., Letters Volume 1: 1906-1950, 1973supporting

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking … The Philosophy of William James.

Jung’s bibliography in Psychological Types cites James’s pragmatism directly, indicating that James’s philosophical work informed Jung’s typological analysis of thinking styles.

Jung, Carl Gustav, Psychological Types, 1921supporting

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

James, William. ‘Frederic Myers’ Service to Psychology’ … Principles of Psychology … The Varieties of Religious Experience.

The bibliographic citation of all three major Jamesian texts in Jung and Pauli’s collaborative volume signals the breadth of James’s presence as a reference point across the Jungian theoretical corpus.

Jung, C. G. and Pauli, Wolfgang, The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche, 1955aside

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

See William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience … our interpretation here owes much to Don S. Browning, Pluralism and Personality: William James and Some Contemporary Cultures of Psychology.

Kurtz and Ketcham cite Varieties as a key resource for their reading of the spirituality of imperfection, acknowledging James’s influence via Browning’s mediating interpretation of his pluralism.

Kurtz, Ernest, Ketcham, Katherine, The Spirituality of Imperfection Storytelling and the, 1994aside

Dig deeper with Sebastian →

Related terms