Maximos the Confessor (c. 580–662) occupies a position of singular magnitude within the depth-psychology corpus assembled around the Philokalia and its modern Orthodox interpreters. No other patristic figure receives more sustained textual space in the Philokalia itself — a fact the editors of both Volume 2 and Volume 4 note explicitly, marking him as the axial synthesizer of Origenian, Evagrian, and Dionysian streams into a coherent account of the soul's ascent. The corpus treats Maximos primarily as a theorist of the passions, of deification, and of the soul's tripartite constitution — desire, incensive power, and intellect — and how these faculties must be reoriented from sensible to intelligible objects. A persistent tension runs through the passages: whether Maximos is read as an ascetic practitioner whose categories are therapeutic, or as a speculative theologian whose Christological frame (the willing human nature freely obedient to the divine) underwrites the entire psycho-spiritual program. Andrew Louth's modern Orthodox commentary adds the liturgical dimension, stressing that Maximos's Mystagogia integrates mystical and sacramental registers that individual-ascetic readings can occlude. The erotic-union passages — God as 'go-between' in an erotic union of the Spirit — mark him as irreplaceable for any depth-psychological reading of theosis.
The extreme importance of St Maximos the Confessor (580-662) for the Orthodox spiritual tradition is indicated by the fact that no other writer is assigned so much space in the Philokalia.
This introductory note establishes Maximos as the preeminent figure in the Philokalia corpus, warranting more textual space than any other writer in the Orthodox spiritual tradition.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995thesis
What we see in Christ our Saviour is precisely a human will, genuinely free yet held in unwavering obedience to His divine will; and it is by virtue of this voluntary co-operation of manhood with divinity in Christ, which restored the integrity of human nature, that we are enabled to make our own wills freely obedient to the will of God.
This passage articulates the Christological foundation of Maximos's psychology: the restoration of integral human nature through Christ's voluntary union of wills becomes the model and ground for the soul's own spiritual reorientation.
, The Philokalia, Volume 2, 1981thesis
God stimulates and allures in order to bring about an erotic union in the Spirit; that is to say, He is the go-between in this union, the one who brings the parties together, in order that He may be desired and loved by His creatures.
Maximos here deploys erotic language to describe divine initiative as a mediating force drawing creatures into union, making eros the structural metaphor for the soul's deepest movement toward God.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995thesis
For created things are not by nature able to accomplish deification, since they cannot grasp God. To bestow a consonant measure of deification on created beings is within the power of divine grace alone.
Maximos insists that deification exceeds natural capacity entirely, positioning grace — not ascetic effort alone — as the sole operative cause of the soul's transformation into the divine likeness.
, The Philokalia, Volume 1, 1979thesis
For the sake of love all the saints resisted sin, not showing any regard for this present life. And they endured many forms of death, in order to be separated from the world and united with themselves and with God, joining together in themselves the broken fragments of human nature.
Maximos presents love as the integrating force that reassembles the divided fragments of human nature, rendering ascetic endurance not merely ethical but ontologically restorative.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995thesis
He united heaven and earth in Himself, joined what is sensible with what is intelligible, and revealed creation as a single whole whose extremes are bound together through virtue and through knowledge of their first Cause.
Maximos's cosmic synthesis appears here: Christ's Incarnation is the ontological event that unites all separated extremes, and the soul's ascent through virtue and knowledge recapitulates this universal unification.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995thesis
In both Maximos and Nicolas we are engaging with texts that seek to integrate the ascetical/mystical and the liturgical. This is explicitly the case in Chapter 5 of Maximos' Mystagogia.
Louth argues that Maximos's Mystagogia is the locus where ascetical-mystical and liturgical registers are deliberately fused, correcting readings that isolate individual deification from sacramental community.
, Modern Orthodox Thinkers: From the Philokalia to the Presentsupporting
When during prayer no conceptual image of anything worldly disturbs your intellect, then know that you are within the realm of dispassion.
Maximos here provides a diagnostic criterion — freedom from worldly conceptual images during prayer — as the defining mark of dispassion, linking apophatic prayer directly to the psychology of the passions.
, The Philokalia, Volume 1, 1979supporting
love wrests the soul away from all that is subject to generation and decay and from all intelligible beings that are beyond generation and decay, and — in so far as this can happen to human nature — it intermingles the soul with God Himself in a kind of erotic union, mystically establishing a single shared life, undefiled and divine.
Maximos describes the consummation of virtue as an erotic intermixing of the soul with God that transcends all creaturely categories, employing the language of mystical union to its furthest extent.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995supporting
He who has made his heart pure will not only know the inner essences of what is sequent to God and dependent on him but, after passing through all of them, he will in some measure see God himself, which is the supreme consummation of all blessings.
Maximos maps the pure heart as the site of progressive contemplative ascent through the logoi of created things toward direct vision of God, integrating cosmological and psychological frameworks.
, The Philokalia, Volume 1, 1979supporting
With remarkable subtlety St Maximos has adapted and drawn into a single synthesis ideas taken from Origen, Evagrios and St Dionysios the Areopagite.
The editors identify Maximos's synthetic achievement: the deliberate integration of Origenian, Evagrian, and Dionysian theological strands into a unified spiritual-theological system.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995supporting
Impurity of soul lies in its not functioning in accordance with nature. It is because of this that impassioned thoughts are produced in the intellect.
Maximos grounds spiritual pathology in a naturalistic framework: sinful passion is a deviation from the soul's proper natural operation, not an externally imposed corruption.
, The Philokalia, Volume 1, 1979supporting
The evil and destructive kingdom of the devil has organized a war against virtue and spiritual knowledge, plotting to pervert the soul through the soul's innate powers.
Maximos describes demonic strategy as the perversion of the soul's own natural powers — desire and incensive power — against their proper orientation, presenting spiritual warfare in explicitly psychological terms.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995supporting
God, who created all nature with wisdom and secretly planted in each intelligent being knowledge of Himself as its first power, like a munificent Lord gave also to us men a natural desire and longing for Him.
Maximos here articulates a natural theology of desire: God implants the longing for himself as a constitutive feature of rational nature, making the soul's spiritual orientation a structural, not merely voluntary, datum.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995supporting
According to Maximos, not all passion is bad. Indeed, he says, 'There is need for the blessed passion of holy love.' The Orthodox tradition does not shy away from the use of eros.
The editorial commentary highlights Maximos's nuanced position that passion itself is not inherently sinful — holy love is itself a passion — distinguishing his anthropology from straightforwardly apathetic ideals.
, The Philokalia, Volume 1, 1979supporting
The sun is the Logos, who illumines the intellect, supplying it with the power of contemplation and delivering it from all ignorance. The moon is the natural law, which persuades the flesh duly to submit to the spirit.
In Maximos's allegorical exegesis, cosmological symbols (sun, moon) become psychological maps: the Logos illumines the intellect while natural law governs the flesh, articulating a cosmological-psychological hierarchy.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995supporting
The mystery of salvation belongs to those who choose it, not to those who are compelled by force. The Logos destroys the tyranny of the evil one, who dominates us through deceit, by triumphantly using as a weapon against him the flesh defeated in Adam.
Maximos frames salvation as voluntarily chosen participation in Christ's redemptive reversal of Adam's defeat, emphasizing free cooperation as the anthropological precondition of theosis.
, The Philokalia, Volume 2, 1981supporting
The Sabbath signifies rest from the passions, and from the intellect's gravitation towards the nature of created beings. It signifies the total quiescence of the passions, a complete cessation of the intellect's gravitation towards created things, and its total entry into the divine.
Maximos's allegorical reading of the Sabbath transforms a liturgical institution into a psychological ideal: complete stillness of the passions and cessation of outward intellective movement as the soul enters wholly into God.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995supporting
Let our intelligence be moved to seek God, let our desire be roused in longing for Him, and let our incensive power struggle to keep guard over our attachment to Him.
Maximos here provides a concise tripartite formula for the soul's reorientation: intellect, desire, and incensive power each directed toward God, constituting the psychological program of the spiritual life.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995supporting
Beguiled from our original state by the deceitfulness of sensual pleasure, we chose death rather than true life. Let us then gladly endure the bodily hardship which puts such pleasure to death.
Maximos reads ascetic mortification as the reversal of the primordial choice of sensual pleasure over true life, casting bodily discipline as a therapeutic countermeasure to the original fall into death.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995supporting
Whoever possesses spiritual knowledge knows the significance of what has been said, for he is not ignorant of how and in how many ways the Lord is crucified, buried and rises again.
Maximos employs the Passion narrative as an interior psychological allegory, rendering crucifixion, burial, and resurrection as repeatable events within the soul's struggle against demonic thoughts.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995aside
When we pray, let our aim be this mystery of deification, which shows us what we were once like and what the self-emptying of the only-begotten Son through the flesh has now made us.
Deification is here placed as the explicit telos of prayer, framed through the kenotic self-emptying of the Logos as the measure of the soul's transformation.
, The Philokalia, Volume 2, 1981aside