The concordance 16 witnesses
Orientation
Ancient scholars could not agree on where Homer was born, when he lived, or whether “Homer” named one poet at all. Richmond Lattimore counts seven cities that claimed him and dates ranging from a century after the Trojan War to the seventh century BCE, and it was Friedrich August Wolf’s 1795 Prolegomena that turned this uncertainty into a scholarly method, dissolving the “magisterial literate poet” into an oral tradition assembled across generations of rhapsodes. Bruno Snell pressed the dissolution further into psychology itself, reading the Iliad and Odyssey as evidence that early Greek speech quantified experience rather than qualified it, lacking any unified concept of intellect or soul; for Snell this was not artistic restraint but the actual shape of an undeveloped mind. Bernard Williams refused that verdict, arguing against the “progressivist” habit of calling Homeric ethics primitive and incoherent. Shirley Darcus Sullivan and Lattimore both hold the counter-position, treating the Iliad and Odyssey as the deliberate achievement of a poetic genius already recognized in antiquity as supreme. Plato’s Ion adds a further complication, making Homer the source rhapsodes claim total knowledge from, and so the disputed authority behind poetry’s rivalry with philosophy.
the image of a magisterial literate poet Homer was toppled by two publications of the century’s end… an illiterate Homer may have composed heroic songs at an early period that were then passed down orally for generations
This passage traces the scholarly dissolution of a unified authorial Homer through Wolf’s Prolegomena and the Venetus manuscript, establishing the oral-tradition hypothesis as the dominant modern framework.
, The Iliad of Homer, 2011thesis
Is it conceivable that Homer could deliberately have turned his back upon the notions of ‘intellect’ and ‘soul’? Such psychological finesse… cannot in all fairness be attributed to the ancient epic poet.
Snell argues that Homer’s apparent ignorance of unified psychological concepts reflects a genuinely archaic stage of European thought, not deliberate stylization, making Homeric texts primary evidence for pre-individuated consciousness.
, The discovery of the mind; the Greek origins of European, 1953thesis
the outlook I have labelled ‘progressivist’ should find in him the clearest expression… of an ethical experience that is primitive, unreflective, defective in morality, and, at the limit, incoherent.
Williams identifies and challenges the ‘progressivist’ reading of Homer as ethically underdeveloped, positioning the Homeric texts instead as legitimate sources for understanding human agency and responsibility.
, Shame and Necessity, 1993thesis
Homer, like the god of poetry, emerges from an ambiguous or floating origin… the Homeric poems had a place at the absolute top of the poetic canon: they were the ‘sweetest,’ the ‘best forever.’
The passage establishes Homer’s canonical supremacy in archaic Greece while foregrounding the ambiguity of his origins, linking both to the nature of oral tradition and multiple local compositional streams.
, The Odyssey, 2017thesis
the rhapsode belongs to the realm of imitation and of opinion: he professes to have all knowledge, which is derived by him from Homer, just as the sophist professes to have all wisdom
Plato situates Homer as the foundational authority claimed by rhapsodes and sophists alike, embedding him within the quarrel between philosophy and poetry that structures the Ion and the Republic.
, Ion, -390thesis
Seven main contenders vied for the honor of being his birthplace… As for his dates, ancient opinion ranged from a century after the Trojan War itself… all the way down to the seventh century.
This passage surveys the ancient biographical tradition regarding Homer’s origins, demonstrating that his identity was contested and underdetermined from the earliest period of classical scholarship.
, The Iliad of Homer, 2011supporting
Quantity, not intensity, is Homer’s standard of judgment… Homeric speech does not yet know this aspect of the word ‘deep’.
Snell demonstrates through lexical analysis that Homeric language quantifies rather than qualifies inner experience, supporting his thesis that Homer represents an early and structurally distinct stage of psychological thought.
, The discovery of the mind; the Greek origins of European, 1953supporting
The two poems assigned by long tradition to Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey, were recognised in very early times by the Greeks as magnificent creations of a poetic genius.
Sullivan affirms Homer’s canonical status as the primary source for archaic Greek psychological and ethical ideas, treating the Iliad and Odyssey as foundational texts for the study of early Greek concepts of mind.
, Psychological and Ethical Ideas What Early Greeks Say, 1995supporting
The word agalma refers in Homer to something in which one delights (its original meaning), to a gift from person to a person, and to a gift from person to a god
Seaford uses Homeric lexical evidence to trace the evolution of gift-exchange terminology, situating Homer as a baseline for understanding the pre-monetary economy of reciprocity and memory in early Greek thought.
, Money and the Early Greek Mind: Homer, Philosophy, Tragedy, 2004supporting
Homer, exhausted the field of Epic Poetry… Contest of — with Hesiod… supposed author of the Battle of the Frogs and Mice; life and descent
This index entry reflects the ancient tradition of Homer as the exhaustive master of epic, contested against Hesiod and entangled with questions of authorship extending to minor texts.
, Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, -700supporting
‘Do you ask me of the obscure race and country of the heavenly siren? Ithaca is his country, Telemachus his father, and Epicasta, Nestor’s daughter, the mother that bare him.’
The Delphic oracle’s response to Hadrian’s inquiry illustrates the mythologization of Homer’s identity in antiquity, anchoring him paradoxically within the Odyssean narrative world he himself created.
, Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, -700supporting
Homer and Hesiod provide ample material for the study of these ideas. We shall, therefore, choose from their works passages that appear most appropriate.
Sullivan establishes Homer and Hesiod jointly as the primary evidentiary base for reconstructing archaic Greek psychological and ethical concepts, without privileging developmental narratives.
, Psychological and Ethical Ideas What Early Greeks Say, 1995supporting
Homer also seems to have written on this subject… Homer lent his name in return for his entertainment. And so Callimachus writes: ‘I am the work of that Samian who once received divine Homer in his house.’
This passage illustrates the ancient practice of attributing texts to Homer by association, underscoring the instability of Homeric authorship and the cultural capital his name conferred.
, Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, -700supporting
Matthew Arnold has stated that the translator of Homer must bear in mind four qualities of his author: that he is rapid, plain and direct in thought and expression, plain and direct in substance, and noble.
Lattimore rehearses Arnold’s canonical characterization of Homeric style to frame his own translation principles, treating Homer’s qualities as formal constraints on the act of rendering the poems in English.
, The Iliad of Homer, 2011aside
with his frequent illustrations from nature and from farm and domestic life Homer belongs to a later age, not Achaean but Ionian, and his audience consisted not of ‘heroes’ and knights but of peasants, fishermen, artisans.
Onians notes the debate over whether Homer’s social context was Achaean or Ionian, using it to situate arguments about the cultural milieu reflected in his imagery and thus in his psychological vocabulary.
, The origins of European thought about the body, the mind,, 1988aside
The Epigrams of Homer are derived from the pseudo-Herodotean Life of Homer, but many of them occur in other documents such as the Contest of Homer and Hesiod, or are quoted by various ancient authors.
This note on the textual tradition of the Homeric Epigrams situates them within the pseudo-biographical literature, highlighting the interdependence of the Lives and the minor Homeric corpus.
, Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, -700aside