heavens
The term 'Heaven' in the depth-psychology and comparative-religion corpus admits of no single referent; it functions simultaneously as cosmological structure, psychological principle, ethical imperative, and inner state. In the Taoist I Ching traditions — represented by Liu I-ming and Thomas Cleary — Heaven designates pure yang, the primordial ordering principle of the universe whose design the cultivated mind must reflect and obey; 'ascending to heaven in broad daylight' is explicitly decoded as an expression for the realization of total freedom, not a literal topography. Paracelsus, as read by Jung, interiorizes Heaven entirely: 'heaven is man and man is heaven,' each human body carrying its own complete celestial imprint. John of Damascus preserves the cosmological stratification — two, three, or seven heavens — while anchoring angels, their dwelling-place, to a hierarchically ordered divine proximity. Swedenborg, cited by Zimmer, anthropomorphizes Heaven as one vast collective man governed as a unity. The Philokalia tradition converts Heaven into an ethical-ascetic interior: 'a life lived virtuously is the kingdom of heaven.' Campbell frames Heaven comparatively, noting how heavens and purgatories function across traditions as stages of post-mortem psychological purging. These divergent construals — cosmic, interior, ethical, visionary — constitute the central tension the concordance must navigate.
heaven is man and man is heaven, and all men are one heaven, and heaven is only one man.
Paracelsus, via Jung, proposes a radical identity between the macrocosmic Heaven and the individual human being, collapsing the external celestial order into a complete inner imprint present in every person.
, The Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature, 1966thesis
By practice of the Tao the mind is completed by being transformed into an objective reflection of Heaven or universal law. This is translated into action on the analogy of Heaven ruling earth, the celestial design ordering terrestrial affairs, the mind ruling the body, reason guiding desire.
The Taoist I Ching identifies Heaven with universal law and assigns it the structural role of governing earth and body, so that psychological cultivation is literally the interiorization of celestial order.
, The Taoist I Ching, 1986thesis
principles of transformation, which are of 'Heaven' in the sense of being inherent in the design of the universe… By practice of the Tao the mind is completed by being transformed into an objective reflection of Heaven or universal law.
Heaven is defined as the inherent structural principles of universal transformation, and human spiritual practice is the process of aligning the mind with that celestial design.
, The Taoist I Ching, 1986thesis
attainment of pure yang is often referred to in such terms as "ascending to heaven in broad daylight," which passed into folk-lore but are said to have originally been dramatic expressions for the realization of total freedom.
The Taoist tradition demythologizes 'ascending to heaven' as a metaphor for total inner liberation, revealing Heaven as the terminus of psychological and spiritual cultivation rather than a literal afterlife destination.
, The Taoist I Ching, 1986thesis
Heaven One of the four 'timeless' hexagrams; pure yang, it represents strength, firmness, life, innate knowledge, primal unified energy.
In the I Ching symbolic system, Heaven as pure yang encodes the primordial qualities of strength, creative life, and innate knowledge that serve as the originating pole of all transformation.
, The Taoist I Ching, 1986thesis
a life lived virtuously is the kingdom of heaven, just as a passion-embroiled state is hell.
The Philokalia tradition internalizes Heaven entirely as an ethical-ascetic condition: it is not a future realm but the present state of the soul when virtue governs the passions.
, The Philokalia, Volume 4, 1995thesis
That heaven as one whole represents one man, is an arcanum not yet known in the world, but very well known in the heavens… Such being the form of heaven, it is also governed by the Lord as one man, and thus as one whole.
Swedenborg's visionary cosmology, cited by Zimmer in the context of Indian anthropomorphic macrocosm doctrines, presents Heaven as a single vast human organism governed as a unified being.
, Philosophies of India, 1951supporting
Heaven as the Tao is the unceasing circulation of one energy, above and below, eternally so. Its essence is strong, so it can create all things with ready knowledge.
Heaven is identified with the Tao as a self-perpetuating creative energy whose unceasing circulation constitutes the ground of all existence and all knowledge.
, The Taoist I Ching, 1986supporting
That to which heaven directs humanity is only good; if one can find happiness in that command, then this is obeying heaven. Obeying heaven is the way to obey the command; finding happiness in the celestial mandate is the way to find happiness in heaven.
Heaven functions as the source of an unconditional ethical directive toward the good, and human happiness is defined as the alignment of individual will with that celestial mandate.
, The Taoist I Ching, 1986supporting
If one can stop evil and promote good, eventually one will reach ultimate good without evil; with true sanity always present, one returns to the pristine state of completeness, which is the order of heaven.
The order of heaven is equated with the pristine completeness recovered through moral and psychological self-cultivation, rendering Heaven both telos and criterion of inner work.
, The Taoist I Ching, 1986supporting
They have Heaven for their dwelling-place, and have one duty, to sing God's praise and carry out His divine will.
John of Damascus locates angels in Heaven as their proper dwelling, defining Heaven as the domain of incorporeal beings whose nearness to God constitutes their nature and their function.
, Saint John of Damascus Collection, 2016supporting
The heaven of heaven, then, is the first heaven which is above the firmament… it is customary in the divine Scripture to speak of the air also as heavens… So here we have three heavens, as the divine Apostle said.
John of Damascus systematizes the Biblical cosmological stratification of Heaven into multiple tiers — firmament, upper heaven, and air — providing the orthodox structural framework within which angels, souls, and God are spatially ordered.
, An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, 2021supporting
integrated with celestial principle, the gold elixir crystallized, one's fate depends on oneself and not on heaven. Therefore help from heaven is auspicious, unfailingly beneficial.
The Taoist alchemical tradition positions the adept in a reciprocal relationship with Heaven: authentic self-cultivation brings celestial assistance, yet ultimately makes the practitioner's fate self-determined rather than externally decreed.
, The Taoist I Ching, 1986supporting
Heaven borrows human power, humans borrow celestial power; when heaven and humanity work together, the elixir of immortality crystallizes in a short time.
Heaven and humanity are understood as mutually dependent creative forces whose cooperation produces the alchemical goal of immortality, establishing a co-creative rather than hierarchical theology.
, The Taoist I Ching, 1986supporting
they have lost the fear of pain or hell, and the hope of reward or heaven, and are living in pure submission to the eternal Goodness, in the perfect freedom of fervent love.
James's mystical source presents the transcendence of Heaven as a motivating hope — and thus its renunciation — as the criterion of highest spiritual illumination, replacing eschatological reward with immediate submission to the eternal Good.
, The Varieties of Religious Experience Amazon, 1902supporting
above, supported by Mt. Meru, are the heavens of the gods, the more sensuous, like the thirty-three heavens ruled by Indra… being ranged in their own regular gradation beneath the less sensuous heavens of Brāhma.
Tibetan Buddhist cosmography presents Heaven as a graduated hierarchy of realms differentiated by degrees of sensuous attachment, encoding the psychological principle that ascent through heavens corresponds to progressive liberation from desire.
, The Tibetan Book of the Dead (Evans-Wentz Edition), 1927supporting
in the (Jewish-Christian?) apocalypse, the 'Ascension of Isaiah,' we find, in the middle section, Isaiah's vision of the seven heavens through which he was rapt.
Jung cites the multi-tiered heavenly ascent of apocalyptic literature as evidence for the depth-psychological mapping of an inner journey through graduated states of consciousness.
, Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self, 1951supporting
In many traditions we find heavens and purgatories, both in the plural. This concept is pre…
Campbell frames plural heavens cross-culturally as mythological representations of psychological stages of post-mortem transformation, analogous to purgatory in the West.
, Thou Art That: Transforming Religious Metaphor, 2001supporting
Fire is above Heaven. An image of Great Harvest… The superior person represses evil and promotes good, Carrying out the glorious virtue of Heaven… From Heaven comes blessing. Good fortune.
The I Ching's Great Harvest hexagram uses Heaven as the source of blessing and moral mandate, confirming the consistent Confucian-Taoist equation of Heaven with both ethical imperative and cosmological beneficence.
, The Complete I Ching: The Definitive Translation, 1998supporting
the five obligations that have great effects under heaven… 'Tuned to the tone of Heaven and Earth,' the vital spirits of men express all the tremors of Heaven and Earth.
Campbell's citation of Confucian texts presents Heaven and Earth as the resonant ground against which human social and spiritual life is tuned, revealing Heaven as the cosmic standard of harmony rather than a destination.
, Primitive Mythology (The Masks of God, Volume I), 1959aside
God called the firmament also heaven… Others, however, hold that it is watery in nature, since it is set in the midst of the waters: others say it is composed of the four elements.
John of Damascus surveys patristic and philosophical debates on the physical constitution of the heaven-firmament, foregrounding the tension between cosmological literalism and symbolic interpretation.
, Saint John of Damascus Collection, 2016aside
The resurrection is actually the first term in a threefold sequence: resurrection, ascent, descent (Pentecost).
Edinger, in Jungian commentary on the Ascension, treats Heaven as the destination of Christ's ascent within a symbolic sequence of death, transcendence, and return, interpreting the trajectory psychologically rather than cosmologically.
, The Christian Archetype: A Jungian Commentary on the Life of Christ, 1987aside