thumos is a seat of vital energy that can fill a person.84 This last suggestion seems most attractive, 82 On thurrws in Homer and Hesiod see Biraud, Bohme, Bremmer, Caswell, Cheyns, Rbph, 1983, A Cheyns, 'Considerations sur Jes emplois de thumos clans Homere, Iliade VII, pp. 67-218', AC, 1981, vol. 50, pp. 137-47, Claus, J. G. Diaz, 'Sentido de "thymos" en la Iliade', Helmantica, 1976, vol. 27, pp. 121-6, Dihle, 'Totenglaube', Furley, Garland, BIGS, 1981, Gelzer (note 2), Harrison, Jahn, Krafft, Larock, J. P. Lynch and G. B. Miles, 'In Search of 7humos: Toward an Understanding of a Greek Psychological Term', Prudentia, 1980, vol. 12, pp. 3-9; Nehring, Onians, Plambock, Russo and Simon, Schnaufer, Snell, Discovery, Tyrtaios, Der Weg, Sullivan (note 3), Vivante. 83 For the first suggestion see Bohme, p. 20, Onians, p. 47, and Rusche, pp. 2556; for the second, Bohme, p. 23, Furley, BIGS, 1956, p. 3, Harrison, p. 66, and Redfield, pp. 171-4. For the second cf. also Caswell, who relates thumos in particular to 'wind' or 'storm'. 84 See Biraud, vol. 1, p. 44, Cheyns, Rbph, 1983, pp. 32-43, Harrison, pp. 68-9, Lynch and Miles, pp. 5-6, Marg, pp. 43-79, Schnaufer, pp. 180-98. PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 55 especially suiting the way thumos appears in the epic poetry of Homer and Hesiod. It is a very active' entity that spreads its influence out into the individual. Placed like other psychic entities in the chest, it is able to inspire, direct, and guide the person in different situations.
— Shirley Darcus Sullivan
Sullivan's careful scholarly triangulation — smoke, blood, vital energy — lands on vital energy not as a compromise but as the reading that actually survives contact with the Homeric poems. And the reason is plain once you hold it: *thūmos* in Homer is never static. It swells, it fails, it speaks, it is addressed. Achilles argues with his own *thūmos*; Odysseus rebukes his. The entity has opinions, and those opinions can be wrong. That is not how we think of a mere breath or a bit of warm fluid; it is how we think of something that fills and empties, that has its own momentum inside the chest.
What that picture asks us to relinquish is the assumption — already second nature, already so absorbed it no longer feels like an assumption — that the interior is a single thing with a single voice. The *thūmos* that "spreads its influence out into the individual" is not integrating toward unity. It is doing something more like what happens in a body genuinely moved: energy locates itself, rises, instructs the limbs, and the person follows or resists. The *person* is partly the site of that event, not fully its author. Sullivan's philology, dry as her footnotes are, opens onto an anthropology that the intervening twenty-four centuries have not managed to make familiar.
Shirley Darcus Sullivan·Psychological and Ethical Ideas What Early Greeks Say·1995