he, the god who is forever praised as the giver of wine which removes all sorrow and care; he, the deliverer and healer (Avo-ios, AVCUOS, awrfjp, tarpd?, etc.), "the delight of mortals" (xap/xa /? poToto-tv),59 "the god of many joys" (TroAuy^s),60 the dancer and ecstatic lover, the bestower of riches" (TTAOVTOSOTT??),61 the "benefactor" (evepyerrjs)62-this god who is the most delightful of all the gods is at the same time the most frightful. No single Greek god even approaches Dionysus in the horror of his epithets, which bear witness to a savagery that is absolutely without mercy. In fact, one must evoke the memory of the monstrous horror of eternal dark-ness to find anything at all comparable. He is called the "render of men" (avQpwTroppaivTqs),63 "the eater of raw flesh" (W/^OTTJ?),64 "who delights in the sword and bloodshed."65 Correspondingly we hear not only of human sacrifice in his cult65a but also of the ghastly ritual in which a man is torn to pieces.66 Where does this put us? Surely there can be no further doubt that this puts us into death's sphere. The terrors of destruction, which make all of life tremble, belong also, as horrible desire, to the kingdom of Dionysus. The monster whose supernatural duality speaks to us from the mask has one side of his nature turned toward eternal night.
— Walter F Otto
Dionysus does not resolve into a coherent figure — that is precisely what the mask announces. The epithets Otto catalogues are not contradictions to be harmonized but a simultaneous truth: the delight and the rendering, the healer and the eater of raw flesh, arrive together or not at all. What Greek religion intuited here — and what later sensibility has worked hard to forget — is that the thing which removes sorrow is formally identical with the thing that destroys. The divine deliverance Dionysus offers is real. Wine genuinely dissolves care. Ecstasy genuinely transports. The god of many joys genuinely gives joy. This is not false advertising; it is the first half of a complete statement. The second half is the "horrible desire" that belongs to destruction's kingdom, the face of the mask turned toward eternal night.
What the soul learns in Dionysus — if it stays long enough to learn anything — is that the deliverer and the render are not sequential. You do not receive the gift and then, later, pay a cost. The omophagy and the sparagmos are structurally interior to the delight. Otto's question, "where does this put us?" is not rhetorical. It puts us somewhere the post-pneumatic inheritance is not equipped to stand: inside a beneficence that does not promise safety, a joy that holds terror not as its shadow but as its other face.
Walter F Otto·Dionysus Myth and Cult (1965)·1965