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ὀλοφύρομαι

olophyromai

To wail, to keen — the most intense form of vocal mourning

Why olophyromai matters

Among the Homeric emotional verbs, ὀλοφύρομαι occupies the far end of the grief register, not sorrow held internally but sorrow discharged through voice and body in the presence of others. Where κλαίω names the act of weeping and ὀδύρομαι the more sustained complaint, ὀλοφύρομαι marks the moment of keening: the rupture between the mourner and what has been irrevocably lost. The social function of this vocal discharge is inseparable from its psychological one — as E.R. Dodds argues in The Greeks and the Irrational, public lamentation in a shame culture is not mere performance but the community's mechanism for metabolizing collective grief. The body becomes the instrument; the wail is the measure of the loss.

olophyromai in the corpus

16 instances
16 passages
63% in direct speech

Grammatical voice

When olophyromai appears in the middle voice, the subject acts upon or for itself — the grammatical home of interiority.

16 mediopassive

Which characters in Homer use olophyromai most?

Related terms

Distribution by work

The Iliad
11
The Odyssey
5

Key passages

Showing 16 of 16 passages containing ὀλοφύρομαι.

The Iliad 8.31–37 Athena

ὦ πάτερ ἡμέτερε Κρονίδη ὕπατε κρειόντων εὖ νυ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν ὅ τοι σθένος οὐκ ἐπιεικτόν· ἀλλʼ ἔμπης Δαναῶν ὀλοφυρόμεθʼ αἰχμητάων, οἵ κεν δὴ κακὸν οἶτον ἀναπλήσαντες ὄλωνται. ἀλλʼ ἤτοι πολέμου μὲν ἀφε...

Yet verily will we refrain us from battle, even as thou dost bid; howbeit counsel will we offer to the Argives which shall be for their profit, that they perish not all by reason of thy wrath.

The Iliad 8.245–259

ὣς φάτο, τὸν δὲ πατὴρ ὀλοφύρατο δάκρυ χέοντα, νεῦσε δέ οἱ λαὸν σόον ἔμμεναι οὐδʼ ἀπολέσθαι. αὐτίκα δʼ αἰετὸν ἧκε τελειότατον πετεηνῶν, νεβρὸν ἔχοντʼ ὀνύχεσσι τέκος ἐλάφοιο ταχείης· πὰρ δὲ Διὸς βωμῷ πε...

So spake he, and the Father had pity on him as he wept, and vouchsafed him that his folk should be saved and not perish. Forthwith he sent an eagle, surest of omens among winged birds, holding in his...

The Iliad 8.462–468 Hera

αἰνότατε Κρονίδη ποῖον τὸν μῦθον ἔειπες. εὖ νυ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν ὅ τοι σθένος οὐκ ἀλαπαδνόν· ἀλλʼ ἔμπης Δαναῶν ὀλοφυρόμεθʼ αἰχμητάων, οἵ κεν δὴ κακὸν οἶτον ἀναπλήσαντες ὄλωνται. ἀλλʼ ἤτοι πολέμου μὲν ἀφ...

who now shall perish and fulfill an evil fate. Yet verily will we refrain us from battle, if so thou biddest; howbeit counsel will we offer to the Argives which shall be for their profit, that they p...

The Iliad 11.656–803 Nestor

τίπτε τὰρ ὧδʼ Ἀχιλεὺς ὀλοφύρεται υἷας Ἀχαιῶν, ὅσσοι δὴ βέλεσιν βεβλήαται; οὐδέ τι οἶδε πένθεος, ὅσσον ὄρωρε κατὰ στρατόν· οἳ γὰρ ἄριστοι ἐν νηυσὶν κέαται βεβλημένοι οὐτάμενοί τε. βέβληται μὲν ὃ Τυδεΐδ...

Smitten is the son of Tydeus, mighty Diomedes, wounded with spearthrust is Odysseus, famed for his spear, and Agamemnon, and smitten is Eurypylus too with an arrow in the thigh, and this man beside ha...

The Iliad 16.7–19 Achilles

τίπτε δεδάκρυσαι Πατρόκλεες, ἠΰτε κούρη νηπίη, ἥ θʼ ἅμα μητρὶ θέουσʼ ἀνελέσθαι ἀνώγει εἱανοῦ ἁπτομένη, καί τʼ ἐσσυμένην κατερύκει, δακρυόεσσα δέ μιν ποτιδέρκεται, ὄφρʼ ἀνέληται· τῇ ἴκελος Πάτροκλε τέρ...

and tearfully looketh up at her, till the mother take her up? Even like her, Patroclus, dost thou let fall round tears. Hast thou haply somewhat to declare to the Myrmidons or to mine own self, or is ...

The Iliad 16.440–457 Hera

αἰνότατε Κρονίδη ποῖον τὸν μῦθον ἔειπες. ἄνδρα θνητὸν ἐόντα πάλαι πεπρωμένον αἴσῃ ἂψ ἐθέλεις θανάτοιο δυσηχέος ἐξαναλῦσαι; ἔρδʼ· ἀτὰρ οὔ τοι πάντες ἐπαινέομεν θεοὶ ἄλλοι. ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δʼ ἐνὶ φ...

Most dread son of Cronos, what a word hast thou said! A man that is mortal, doomed long since by fate, art thou minded to deliver again from dolorous death? Do as thou wilt; but be sure that we other ...

The Iliad 17.648–651

ὣς φάτο, τὸν δὲ πατὴρ ὀλοφύρατο δάκρυ χέοντα· αὐτίκα δʼ ἠέρα μὲν σκέδασεν καὶ ἀπῶσεν ὀμίχλην, ἠέλιος δʼ ἐπέλαμψε, μάχη δʼ ἐπὶ πᾶσα φαάνθη· καὶ τότʼ ἄρʼ Αἴας εἶπε βοὴν ἀγαθὸν Μενέλαον·

and the sun shone forth upon them and all the battle was made plain to view. Then Aias spake unto Menelaus, good at the war-cry: Look forth now, Menelaus, nurtured of Zeus, if so be thou mayest have s...

The Iliad 21.99–113 Achilles

νήπιε μή μοι ἄποινα πιφαύσκεο μηδʼ ἀγόρευε· πρὶν μὲν γὰρ Πάτροκλον ἐπισπεῖν αἴσιμον ἦμαρ τόφρά τί μοι πεφιδέσθαι ἐνὶ φρεσὶ φίλτερον ἦεν Τρώων, καὶ πολλοὺς ζωοὺς ἕλον ἠδʼ ἐπέρασσα· νῦν δʼ οὐκ ἔσθʼ ὅς τ...

Until Patroclus met his day of fate, even till then was it more pleasing to me to spare the Trojans, and full many I took alive and sold oversea; but now is there not one that shall escape death, whom...

The Iliad 22.168–176 Zeus

ὢ πόποι ἦ φίλον ἄνδρα διωκόμενον περὶ τεῖχος ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὁρῶμαι· ἐμὸν δʼ ὀλοφύρεται ἦτορ Ἕκτορος, ὅς μοι πολλὰ βοῶν ἐπὶ μηρίʼ ἔκηεν Ἴδης ἐν κορυφῇσι πολυπτύχου, ἄλλοτε δʼ αὖτε ἐν πόλει ἀκροτάτῃ· νῦν α...

for Hector, who hath burned for me many thighs of oxen on the crests of many-ridged Ida, and at other times on the topmost citadel; but now again is goodly Achilles pursuing him with swift feet around...

The Iliad 23.69–92 Ghost Of Patroclus

εὕδεις, αὐτὰρ ἐμεῖο λελασμένος ἔπλευ Ἀχιλλεῦ. οὐ μέν μευ ζώοντος ἀκήδεις, ἀλλὰ θανόντος· θάπτέ με ὅττι τάχιστα πύλας Ἀΐδαο περήσω. τῆλέ με εἴργουσι ψυχαὶ εἴδωλα καμόντων, οὐδέ μέ πω μίσγεσθαι ὑπὲρ ποτ...

Not in my life wast thou unmindful of me, but now in my death! Bury me with all speed, that I pass within the gates of Hades. Afar do the spirits keep me aloof, the phantoms of men that have done with...

The Iliad 24.314–328

ὣς ἔφατʼ εὐχόμενος, τοῦ δʼ ἔκλυε μητίετα Ζεὺς αὐτίκα δʼ αἰετὸν ἧκε τελειότατον πετεηνῶν μόρφνον θηρητῆρʼ ὃν καὶ περκνὸν καλέουσιν. ὅσση δʼ ὑψορόφοιο θύρη θαλάμοιο τέτυκται ἀνέρος ἀφνειοῖο ἐῢ κληῗσʼ ἀρ...

Forthwith he sent an eagle, surest of omen among winged birds, the dusky eagle, even the hunter, that men call also the black eagle. Wide as is the door of some rich man's high-roofed treasure-chamber...

The Odyssey 10.406–420

ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐμοί γʼ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ, βῆν δʼ ἰέναι ἐπὶ νῆα θοὴν καὶ θῖνα θαλάσσης. εὗρον ἔπειτʼ ἐπὶ νηὶ θοῇ ἐρίηρας ἑταίρους οἴκτρʼ ὀλοφυρομένους, θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέ...

And as when calves in a farmstead sport about the droves of cows returning to the yard, when they have had their fill of grazing—all together they frisk before them, and the pens no longer hold them, ...

The Odyssey 11.151–165

Τειρεσίαο ἄνακτος, ἐπεὶ κατὰ θέσφατʼ ἔλεξεν· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν αὐτοῦ μένον ἔμπεδον, ὄφρʼ ἐπὶ μήτηρ ἤλυθε καὶ πίεν αἷμα κελαινεφές· αὐτίκα δʼ ἔγνω, καί μʼ ὀλοφυρομένη ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα· τέκνον ἐμόν, πῶς...

“‘My child, how didst thou come beneath the murky darkness, being still alive? Hard is it for those that live to behold these realms, for between are great rivers and dread streams; Oceanus first, whi...

The Odyssey 11.378–453 Odysseus

Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν, ὥρη μὲν πολέων μύθων, ὥρη δὲ καὶ ὕπνου· εἰ δʼ ἔτʼ ἀκουέμεναί γε λιλαίεαι, οὐκ ἂν ἐγώ γε τούτων σοι φθονέοιμι καὶ οἰκτρότερʼ ἄλλʼ ἀγορεύειν, κήδεʼ ἐμῶν ἑτάρων, ο...

But if thou art fain still to listen, I would not begrudge to tell thee of other things more pitiful still than these, even the woes of my comrades, who perished afterward, who escaped from the dread ...

The Odyssey 11.404–434 Agamemnon

ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπε· διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ, οὔτʼ ἐμέ γʼ ἐν νήεσσι Ποσειδάων ἐδάμασσεν ὄρσας ἀργαλέων ἀνέμων ἀμέγαρτον ἀυτμήν, οὔτε μʼ ...

‘Son of Laertes, sprung from Zeus, Odysseus of many devices, neither did Poseidon smite me on board my ships, when he had roused a furious blast of cruel winds, nor did foemen work me harm on the land...

The Odyssey 16.11–22

οὔ πω πᾶν εἴρητο ἔπος, ὅτε οἱ φίλος υἱὸς ἔστη ἐνὶ προθύροισι. ταφὼν δʼ ἀνόρουσε συβώτης, ἐκ δʼ ἄρα οἱ χειρῶν πέσον ἄγγεα, τοῖς ἐπονεῖτο, κιρνὰς αἴθοπα οἶνον. ὁ δʼ ἀντίος ἦλθεν ἄνακτος, κύσσε δέ μιν κε...

and kissed his head and both his beautiful eyes and his two hands, and a big tear fell from him. And as a loving father greets his own dear son, who comes in the tenth year from a distant land—his onl...

Explore olophyromai in the texts

16 passages across Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, and the New Testament contain olophyromai.

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