ἔλεος
eleos
Pity, mercy — the recognition of shared vulnerability
Etymology
The emotion that arises when one mortal recognizes another's suffering as potentially their own. In Homer, eleos is what Achilles finally feels when Priam clasps his knees (Il. 24.507). In the NT, it becomes divine mercy (Luke 1:78).
Why eleos matters
The scene in Iliad 24 is the lexicon's defining instance: Achilles weeps with Priam (Il. 24.507-512) not despite having killed his son but in recognition of a shared condition, both men bereaved, both mortal. Eleos is not sentimentality; it is a cognitive act of categorical self-inclusion, the recognition that the other's suffering occupies a position one could occupy oneself. This is why eleos in Aristotle's Rhetoric (2.8) requires the percipient to believe themselves vulnerable to the same misfortune — the emotion is structurally impossible for those who believe themselves immune. Its absence marks the person who has placed themselves outside common humanity; its presence is the precondition for supplication to function.
eleos in the corpus
Grammatical voice
When eleos appears in the middle voice, the subject acts upon or for itself — the grammatical home of interiority.
Which characters in Homer use eleos most?
Related terms
Distribution by work
Key passages
Showing 30 of 395 passages containing ἔλεος.
ἐκ δὲ Διοκλῆος διδυμάονε παῖδε γενέσθην, Κρήθων Ὀρσίλοχός τε μάχης εὖ εἰδότε πάσης. τὼ μὲν ἄρʼ ἡβήσαντε μελαινάων ἐπὶ νηῶν Ἴλιον εἰς εὔπωλον ἅμʼ Ἀργείοισιν ἑπέσθην, τιμὴν Ἀτρεΐδῃς Ἀγαμέμνονι καὶ Μενελ...
Now when the twain had reached manhood, they followed with the Argives on the black ships to Ilios famed for its horses, seeking to win recompense for the sons of Atreus, Agamemnon and Menelaus; but t...
ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη, Τρῶες δὲ μάλα σχεδὸν ἤλυθον αὐτῶν. ἔνθʼ Ἕκτωρ δύο φῶτε κατέκτανεν εἰδότε χάρμης εἰν ἑνὶ δίφρῳ ἐόντε, Μενέσθην Ἀγχίαλόν τε. τὼ δὲ πεσόντʼ ἐλέησε μέγας Τελαμώνιος Αἴας· στῆ δὲ μάλʼ ἐγγὺς ἰών...
And as they fell great Telamonian Aias had pity of them, and came and stood close at hand, and with a cast of his shining spear smote Amphius, son of Selagus, that dwelt in Paesus, a man rich in subst...
ὣς εἰπὼν ἀλόχοιο φίλης ἐν χερσὶν ἔθηκε παῖδʼ ἑόν· ἣ δʼ ἄρα μιν κηώδεϊ δέξατο κόλπῳ δακρυόεν γελάσασα· πόσις δʼ ἐλέησε νοήσας, χειρί τέ μιν κατέρεξεν ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζε·
and he stroked her with his hand, and spake to her, saying: Dear wife, in no wise, I pray thee, grieve overmuch at heart; no man beyond my fate shall send me forth to Hades; only his doom, methinks, n...
οἳ μὲν δὴ παρὰ νηυσὶν ἐρητύοντο μένοντες, ἀλλήλοισί τε κεκλόμενοι καὶ πᾶσι θεοῖσι χεῖρας ἀνίσχοντες μεγάλʼ εὐχετόωντο ἕκαστος· Ἕκτωρ δʼ ἀμφιπεριστρώφα καλλίτριχας ἵππους Γοργοῦς ὄμματʼ ἔχων ἠδὲ βροτολ...
then beside their ships they halted and abode, calling one upon the other, and lifting up their hands to all the gods they made fervent prayer each man of them. But Hector wheeled this way and that h...
αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ διά τε σκόλοπας καὶ τάφρον ἔβησαν φεύγοντες, πολλοὶ δὲ δάμεν Δαναῶν ὑπὸ χερσίν, οἳ μὲν δὴ παρʼ ὄχεσφιν ἐρητύοντο μένοντες χλωροὶ ὑπαὶ δείους πεφοβημένοι· ἔγρετο δὲ Ζεὺς Ἴδης ἐν κορυφῇσι παρ...
But when the Trojans in their flight had passed over the palisade and the trench, and many had been vanquished beneath the hands of the Danaans, then beside their chariots they stayed, and were halted...
ἦ ῥα, καὶ ἐξ ὀχέων σὺν τεύχεσιν ἆλτο χαμᾶζε. Πάτροκλος δʼ ἑτέρωθεν ἐπεὶ ἴδεν ἔκθορε δίφρου. οἳ δʼ ὥς τʼ αἰγυπιοὶ γαμψώνυχες ἀγκυλοχεῖλαι πέτρῃ ἐφʼ ὑψηλῇ μεγάλα κλάζοντε μάχωνται, ὣς οἳ κεκλήγοντες ἐπʼ...
even so with cries rushed they one against the other. And the son of crooked-counselling Cronos took pity when he saw them, and spake to Hera, his sister and his wife: Ah, woe is me, for that it is fa...
ὣς φάτο, καί ῥα πολὺ προμάχων ἐξάλμενος ἔστη· οἳ δʼ ἐλελίχθησαν καὶ ἐναντίοι ἔσταν Ἀχαιῶν. ἔνθʼ αὖτʼ Αἰνείας Λειώκριτον οὔτασε δουρὶ υἱὸν Ἀρίσβαντος Λυκομήδεος ἐσθλὸν ἑταῖρον. τὸν δὲ πεσόντʼ ἐλέησεν ἀ...
son of Arisbas and valiant comrade of Lycomedes. And as he fell Lycomedes, dear to Ares, had pity for him, and came and stood hard by and with a cast of his bright spear smote Apisaon, son of Hippasus...
θερμὰ κατὰ βλεφάρων χαμάδις ῥέε μυρομένοισιν ἡνιόχοιο πόθῳ· θαλερὴ δʼ ἐμιαίνετο χαίτη ζεύγλης ἐξεριποῦσα παρὰ ζυγὸν ἀμφοτέρωθεν. μυρομένω δʼ ἄρα τώ γε ἰδὼν ἐλέησε Κρονίων, κινήσας δὲ κάρη προτὶ ὃν μυθ...
streaming from beneath the yoke-pad beside the yoke on this aide and on that. And as they mourned, the son of Cronos had sight of them and was touched with pity, and he shook his head, and thus spake ...
ὣς ἔφατο κλαίων, ἐπὶ δὲ στενάχοντο γέροντες, μνησάμενοι τὰ ἕκαστος ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἔλειπον· μυρομένους δʼ ἄρα τούς γε ἰδὼν ἐλέησε Κρονίων, αἶψα δʼ Ἀθηναίην ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·
And as they mourned the son of Cronos had sight of them, and was touched with pity; and forthwith he spake winged words unto Athene: My child, lo thou forsakest utterly thine own warrior. Is there the...
γουνοῦμαι σʼ Ἀχιλεῦ· σὺ δέ μʼ αἴδεο καί μʼ ἐλέησον· ἀντί τοί εἰμʼ ἱκέταο διοτρεφὲς αἰδοίοιο· πὰρ γὰρ σοὶ πρώτῳ πασάμην Δημήτερος ἀκτὴν ἤματι τῷ ὅτε μʼ εἷλες ἐϋκτιμένῃ ἐν ἀλωῇ, καί μʼ ἐπέρασσας ἄνευθεν...
nurtured of Zeus, am I even as a sacred suppliant, for at thy table first did I eat of the grain of Demeter on the day when thou didst take me captive in the well-ordered orchard, and didst lead me af...
Ἕκτορ μή μοι μίμνε φίλον τέκος ἀνέρα τοῦτον οἶος ἄνευθʼ ἄλλων, ἵνα μὴ τάχα πότμον ἐπίσπῃς Πηλεΐωνι δαμείς, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερός ἐστι σχέτλιος· αἴθε θεοῖσι φίλος τοσσόνδε γένοιτο ὅσσον ἐμοί· τάχα κέν ἑ...
slain by the son of Peleus, since verily he is far the mightier— cruel that he is. I would that he were loved by the gods even as by me! Then would the dogs and vuhtures speedily devour him as he lay ...
Ἕκτορ τέκνον ἐμὸν τάδε τʼ αἴδεο καί μʼ ἐλέησον αὐτήν, εἴ ποτέ τοι λαθικηδέα μαζὸν ἐπέσχον· τῶν μνῆσαι φίλε τέκνον ἄμυνε δὲ δήϊον ἄνδρα τείχεος ἐντὸς ἐών, μὴ δὲ πρόμος ἵστασο τούτῳ σχέτλιος· εἴ περ γάρ...
from within the wall, neither stand thou forth to face him. Cruel is he; for if so be he shay thee, never shall I lay thee on a bier and bewail thee, dear plant, born of mine own self, nay, nor shall ...
ὤ μοι ἐγών, εἰ μέν κε πύλας καὶ τείχεα δύω, Πουλυδάμας μοι πρῶτος ἐλεγχείην ἀναθήσει, ὅς μʼ ἐκέλευε Τρωσὶ ποτὶ πτόλιν ἡγήσασθαι νύχθʼ ὕπο τήνδʼ ὀλοὴν ὅτε τʼ ὤρετο δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. ἀλλʼ ἐγὼ οὐ πιθόμην· ἦ...
Polydamas will be the first to put reproach upon me, for that he bade me lead the Trojans to the city during this fatal night, when goodly Achilles arose. Howbeit I hearkened not—verily it had been be...
Ἕκτορ ἐγὼ δύστηνος· ἰῇ ἄρα γεινόμεθʼ αἴσῃ ἀμφότεροι, σὺ μὲν ἐν Τροίῃ Πριάμου κατὰ δῶμα, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσιν ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ ἐν δόμῳ Ἠετίωνος, ὅ μʼ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐοῦσαν δύσμορος αἰνόμορον· ὡς μὴ ὤφελλε...
in the house of Eetion, who reared me when I was a babe, hapless father of a cruel-fated child; would God he had never begotten me. Now thou unto the house of Hades beneath the deeps of earth art depa...
σχέτλιοί ἐστε θεοί, δηλήμονες· οὔ νύ ποθʼ ὑμῖν Ἕκτωρ μηρίʼ ἔκηε βοῶν αἰγῶν τε τελείων; τὸν νῦν οὐκ ἔτλητε νέκυν περ ἐόντα σαῶσαι ᾗ τʼ ἀλόχῳ ἰδέειν καὶ μητέρι καὶ τέκεϊ ᾧ καὶ πατέρι Πριάμῳ λαοῖσί τε, τ...
Him now have ye not the heart to save, a corpse though he be, for his wife to look upon and his mother and his child, and his father Priam and his people, who would forthwith burn him in the fire and ...
ὦ γύναι οὐ μέν τοι τόδʼ ἐφιεμένῃ ἀπιθήσω. ἐσθλὸν γὰρ Διὶ χεῖρας ἀνασχέμεν αἴ κʼ ἐλεήσῃ.
Wife, I will not disregard this hest of thine; for good is it to lift up hands to Zeus, if so be he will have pity. Thus spake the old man, and bade the housewife that attended pour over his hands wa...
οἳ δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν πόλιος κατέβαν, πεδίον δʼ ἀφίκοντο, οἳ μὲν ἄρʼ ἄψορροι προτὶ Ἴλιον ἀπονέοντο παῖδες καὶ γαμβροί, τὼ δʼ οὐ λάθον εὐρύοπα Ζῆν ἐς πεδίον προφανέντε· ἰδὼν δʼ ἐλέησε γέροντα, αἶψα δʼ ἄρʼ Ἑρμ...
back then to Ilios turned his sons and his daughters' husbands; howbeit the twain were not unseen of Zeus, whose voice is borne afar, as they came forth upon the plain, but as he saw the old man he ha...
μνῆσαι πατρὸς σοῖο θεοῖς ἐπιείκελʼ Ἀχιλλεῦ, τηλίκου ὥς περ ἐγών, ὀλοῷ ἐπὶ γήραος οὐδῷ· καὶ μέν που κεῖνον περιναιέται ἀμφὶς ἐόντες τείρουσʼ, οὐδέ τίς ἐστιν ἀρὴν καὶ λοιγὸν ἀμῦναι. ἀλλʼ ἤτοι κεῖνός γε ...
Howbeit, while he heareth of thee as yet alive he hath joy at heart, and therewithal hopeth day by day that he shall see his dear son returning from Troy-land. But I—I am utterly unblest, seeing I beg...
ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ὀπωρινὸς Βορέης φορέῃσιν ἀκάνθας ἂμ πεδίον, πυκιναὶ δὲ πρὸς ἀλλήλῃσιν ἔχονται, ὣς τὴν ἂμ πέλαγος ἄνεμοι φέρον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα· ἄλλοτε μέν τε Νότος Βορέῃ προβάλεσκε φέρεσθαι, ἄλλοτε δʼ αὖτʼ Εὖρ...
so did the winds bear the raft this way and that over the sea. Now the South Wind would fling it to the North Wind to be driven on, and now again the East Wind would yield it to the West Wind to drive...
ὄφρʼ εἰδῇς οἷόν τι ποτὸν τόδε νηῦς ἐκεκεύθει ἡμετέρη. σοὶ δʼ αὖ λοιβὴν φέρον, εἴ μʼ ἐλεήσας οἴκαδε πέμψειας· σὺ δὲ μαίνεαι οὐκέτʼ ἀνεκτῶς. σχέτλιε, πῶς κέν τίς σε καὶ ὕστερον ἄλλος ἵκοιτο ἀνθρώπων πολ...
thou mightest send me on my way home; but thou ragest in a way that is past all bearing. Cruel man, how shall any one of all the multitudes of men ever come to thee again hereafter, seeing that thou h...
Κύκλωψ, τῆ, πίε οἶνον, ἐπεὶ φάγες ἀνδρόμεα κρέα, ὄφρʼ εἰδῇς οἷόν τι ποτὸν τόδε νηῦς ἐκεκεύθει ἡμετέρη. σοὶ δʼ αὖ λοιβὴν φέρον, εἴ μʼ ἐλεήσας οἴκαδε πέμψειας· σὺ δὲ μαίνεαι οὐκέ...
thou mightest send me on my way home; but thou ragest in a way that is past all bearing. Cruel man, how shall any one of all the multitudes of men ever come to thee again hereafter, seeing that thou h...
δείραντας κατακῆαι, ἐπεύξασθαι δὲ θεοῖσιν, ἰφθίμῳ τʼ Ἀΐδῃ καὶ ἐπαινῇ Περσεφονείῃ· αὐτὸς δὲ ξίφος ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ ἥμην, οὐδʼ εἴων νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα αἵματος ἆσσον ἴμεν, πρὶν Τειρεσίαο πυθ...
to draw near to the blood until I had enquired of Teiresias. When I saw him I wept, and my heart had compassion on him; and I spoke and addressed him with winged words: “‘Elpenor, how didst thou c...
ἀνδρὸς δυστήνοιο καὶ ἐσσομένοισι πυθέσθαι. ταῦτά τέ μοι τελέσαι πῆξαί τʼ ἐπὶ τύμβῳ ἐρετμόν, τῷ καὶ ζωὸς ἔρεσσον ἐὼν μετʼ ἐμοῖς ἑτάροισιν. ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος προσέ...
‘All this, unhappy man, will I perform and do.’ “Thus we two sat and held sad converse one with the other, I on one side holding my sword over the blood, while on the other side the phantom of my ...
Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν, ὥρη μὲν πολέων μύθων, ὥρη δὲ καὶ ὕπνου· εἰ δʼ ἔτʼ ἀκουέμεναί γε λιλαίεαι, οὐκ ἂν ἐγώ γε τούτων σοι φθονέοιμι καὶ οἰκτρότερʼ ἄλλʼ ἀγορεύειν, κήδεʼ ἐμῶν ἑτάρων, ο...
But if thou art fain still to listen, I would not begrudge to tell thee of other things more pitiful still than these, even the woes of my comrades, who perished afterward, who escaped from the dread ...
τοιγὰρ ἐγώ τοι ταῦτα μάλʼ ἀτρεκέως ἀγορεύσω. εἴη μὲν νῦν νῶϊν ἐπὶ χρόνον ἠμὲν ἐδωδὴ ἠδὲ μέθυ γλυκερὸν κλισίης ἔντοσθεν ἐοῦσι, δαίνυσθαι ἀκέοντʼ, ἄλλοι δʼ ἐπὶ ἔργον ἕποιεν· ῥηϊδίως κεν ἔπειτα καὶ εἰς ἐ...
to feast on in quiet here in thy hut, and that others might go about their work; easily then might I tell on for a full year, and yet in no wise finish the tale of the woes of my spirit—even all the t...
γουνοῦμαί σʼ, Ὀδυσεῦ· σὺ δέ μʼ αἴδεο καί μʼ ἐλέησον· οὐ γάρ πώ τινά φημι γυναικῶν ἐν μεγάροισιν εἰπεῖν οὐδέ τι ῥέξαι ἀτάσθαλον· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλους παύεσκον μνηστῆρας, ὅτις τοιαῦτά γε...
I sought to check the other wooers, when any would do such deeds. But they would not hearken to me to withhold their hands from evil, wherefore through their wanton folly they have met a cruel doom. Y...
γουνοῦμαί σʼ, Ὀδυσεῦ· σὺ δέ μʼ αἴδεο καί μʼ ἐλέησον· αὐτῷ τοι μετόπισθʼ ἄχος ἔσσεται, εἴ κεν ἀοιδὸν πέφνῃς, ὅς τε θεοῖσι καὶ ἀνθρώποισιν ἀείδω. αὐτοδίδακτος δʼ εἰμί, θεὸς δέ μοι ἐ...
on thine own self shall sorrow come hereafter, if thou slayest the minstrel, even me, who sing to gods and men. Self-taught am I, and the god has planted in my heart all manner of lays, and worthy am ...
Ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ ὄρος καὶ καθίσαντος αὐτοῦ προσῆλθαν αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς λέγων μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τ...
Προσέχετε δὲ τὴν δικαιοσύνην ὑμῶν μὴ ποιεῖν ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τὸ θεαθῆναι αὐτοῖς εἰ δὲ μήγε μισθὸν οὐκ ἔχετε παρὰ τῷ πατρὶ ὑμῶν τῷ ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὅταν οὖν ποιῇς ἐλεημοσύνην μὴ σαλπίσῃς ἔμπροσθέ...
Καὶ παράγων ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐκεῖθεν εἶδεν ἄνθρωπον καθήμενον ἐπὶ τὸ τελώνιον Μαθθαῖον λεγόμενον καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ ἀκολούθει μοι καὶ ἀναστὰς ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ καὶ ἐγένετο αὐτοῦ ἀνακειμένου ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ ἰδοὺ πολλοὶ τ...
Explore eleos in the texts
395 passages across Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, and the New Testament contain eleos.
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