Sigmund Freud
1856–1939 · Austrian
Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, originator of theories of the unconscious, repression, and the tripartite psychic structure.
In the record
- Born
- 1856, Freiberg, Moravian Empire (now Příbor, Czech Republic)
- Training
- University of Vienna, MD 1881; studied under Franz Brentano (philosophy), Ernst Brücke (physiology), Carl Claus (zoology); research in cerebral anatomy and nervous tissue biology
- Affiliation
- Vienna General Hospital; founder of psychoanalysis
Key works
- Studies on Hysteria (1895)
- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
- Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)
- Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics (1913)
- The Ego and the Id (1923)
- Civilization and Its Discontents (1930)
Sebastian reads Freud
Freud matters here because this site exists partly in argument with him — and argument, to stay honest, requires knowing what you are arguing against. He is the figure who made the unconscious a clinical object, which is a different achievement from making it a philosophical concept: Freud gave it teeth, gave it a mechanism, gave it a reason to show up in Tuesday’s consulting room. The machinery he built — repression, the return of the repressed, the drive-economy, the compromise formation — still runs beneath most depth work whether or not practitioners acknowledge the plumbing. Where Jung diverged, the divergence means something only if Freud’s position is held clearly: the libido dispute, the teleology dispute, the religious-experience dispute. Hillman’s later refusals similarly require Freud as a fixed point to push against. Read Freud when you want to understand what depth psychology is *from* — its founding logic, its clinical grammar, the specific reduction it learned to refuse.