The World Navel — synonymous with the Omphalos and closely cognate with the axis mundi — occupies a structurally foundational position in the depth-psychological and comparative-mythological corpus. Campbell provides the term's most explicit depth-psychological articulation: the navel of the world is simultaneously a cosmological center and a personological one, the 'umbilical point through which the energies of eternity break into time.' His treatment in both The Hero With a Thousand Faces and The Mythic Image shows how tree, mountain, serpent, and hero-figure are all variant symbolic formulations of this single organizing center. Eliade, approaching from the history of religions, insists on its phenomenological ubiquity — every sacred city, temple, and habitation reproduces the imago mundi, each claiming to stand at the Center, the 'navel of the universe.' His analyses in The Myth of the Eternal Return and The Sacred and the Profane constitute the most systematic scholarly mapping of this symbolism. Rank, approaching from the standpoint of art history and psychoanalysis, traces the Omphalos idea through the practical-technical consequences: geodesy, town planning, political ideology — arguing that the 'humanization of the cosmos' via the earth's navel concept was prerequisite to rational geography. Eliade's phenomenological breadth, Campbell's mythopoeic synthesis, and Rank's psycho-cultural genealogy together define the three primary axes along which depth psychology has interrogated this term.
the hero as the incarnation of God is himself the navel of the world, the umbilical point through which the energies of eternity break into
Campbell identifies the World Navel as both a cosmological center and a personification: the hero-as-God incarnates this axis, through which eternal energy flows into temporal existence.
, The Hero With a Thousand Faces, 2015thesis
This is the ancient conception of an earth-centre, the figuration of which as the earth's 'navel' expresses a humanization of the cosmos such as was necessary if practical-technical development was likewise to find its ideology.
Rank argues the Omphalos concept was the ideological precondition for practical-technical civilization, since it humanized the cosmos by projecting bodily anatomy onto geographical and political space.
, Art and Artist: Creative Urge and Personality Development, 1932thesis
his city constituted the navel of the universe, and, above all
Eliade demonstrates that for homo religiosus the city as world-navel was not metaphor but ontological certainty, the sacred person seeking to dwell as near as possible to the Center of the World.
, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, 1957thesis
The mundus was clearly assimilated to the omphalos, to the navel of the earth; the city was situated in the middle of the orbis terrarum.
Eliade shows that Roman cosmological urbanism explicitly equated the mundus — the ritual founding trench — with the omphalos, confirming the cross-cultural structural pattern of city-as-world-navel.
, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, 1957thesis
The Sacred Mountain—where heaven and earth meet—is situated at the center of the world. Every temple or palace—and, by extension, every sacred city or royal residence—is a Sacred Mountain, thus becoming a Center.
Eliade systematizes the architectonic symbolism of the Center, showing how mountain, temple, and city are all equivalent symbolic replications of the World Navel as axis mundi.
, The Myth of the Eternal Return: Cosmos and History, 1954thesis
Dur-an-ki, 'Bond of Heaven and Earth,' was the name given to the sanctuaries of Nippur and Larsa... Babylon had many names, among them 'House of the Base of Heaven and Earth,' 'Bond of Heaven and Earth.'
Eliade provides concrete Mesopotamian attestations of the World Navel concept, showing that specific sacred cities bore names encoding their cosmological status as the point binding heaven, earth, and the underworld.
, The Myth of the Eternal Return: Cosmos and History, 1954supporting
earth becomes humanized by the aid of the Omphalos idea; that is to say, this heavenly geography was followed by a human geography, and it was through the latter that our earthly geography for the first time became possible.
Rank traces the epistemological genealogy of geography itself back to the Omphalos, arguing that terrestrial mapping was only possible after the cosmos had first been humanized through the navel-center concept.
, Art and Artist: Creative Urge and Personality Development, 1932supporting
Mount Gerizim, at the center of Palestine, was doubtless invested with the prestige of the 'Center,' for it is called 'navel of the earth.'
Eliade documents the omphalos designation of specific sacred mountains across the ancient Near East, confirming the World Navel's presence as a recurring structural feature in archaic spirituality.
, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, 1951supporting
we are dealing with a symbiotic representation of uterus, grave, navel-cord, and navel, while at the same time taking into consideration the elevation-tendency which gives the navel a conical form and sets it up erect.
Rank analyzes the Omphalos stone as a condensed symbol uniting uterine, sepulchral, and umbilical significations, arguing for an underlying psycho-biological symbolism of rebirth at the Center.
, Art and Artist: Creative Urge and Personality Development, 1932supporting
Starting from the beautiful navel-symbol of Delphi, we may safely assume that all ornamentation which consists in the tying up of separate balloon-shapes stands for the exceedingly important mother- or woman-symbol that signifies rebirth in the flesh.
Rank connects the Delphic omphalos to a broader symbolic logic in which the world-navel encodes maternal and chthonic rebirth symbolism, extending the concept into architectural ornament.
, Art and Artist: Creative Urge and Personality Development, 1932supporting
We have dealt in detail with the navel as mid point of the earth, and with the liver as the centre of human life and therefore as the macrocosmic mirror of world-happenings.
Rank situates the navel within a broader system of anatomical cosmology, in which bodily organs are mapped onto cosmic coordinates, with the navel serving as the microcosmic equivalent of the earth's center.
, Art and Artist: Creative Urge and Personality Development, 1932supporting
World-navel, see Omphalos
Rank's index explicitly cross-references World-navel with Omphalos, confirming their terminological equivalence within his analytical framework.
, Art and Artist: Creative Urge and Personality Development, 1932aside
World Axis, Navel, Savior, Tree, Umbrella, Womb, see under respective nouns
Campbell's index clusters the World Navel with axis mundi, cosmic tree, and womb symbolism, reflecting the structural constellation of concepts that depth-mythological analysis treats as variant expressions of the same Center-symbol.
, The Hero With a Thousand Faces, 2015aside