The concordance 12 witnesses
Orientation
Lived literally, the imitatio Christi kills: Marie-Louise von Franz, in Shadow and Evil in Fairy Tales, describes a woman whose faithful enactment of Christ’s life meant dying at about thirty-two, piety operating as a death-drive. Jung’s critique in Psychology and Alchemy explains how the disaster arises: formalized into external veneration, the demand to become like the ideal defeats its own purpose, leaving the inner man undeveloped. The formulation under attack is Thomas à Kempis’s, that one’s whole life conform to the pattern of Christ’s, preserved as a canonical definition in the editorial apparatus of The Red Book. Edward Edinger, reading Jung’s letters, finds the imitatio inescapable: whoever confronts the shadow imitates Christ, willing or unwilling, so individuation and imitatio share one structure. Wolfgang Giegerich shows the pattern lived unconsciously in Jung’s father, who suffered Christ’s suffering to his death without recognizing it. Karen Armstrong locates the tradition’s dour morbidity in late-medieval piety’s fixation on Christ’s physical agony; Robert Sinkewicz recovers Climacus’s older reading, where imitation is not achievement but surrender, an awed response to an unpayable gift.
The demand made by the imitatio Christi — that we should follow the ideal and seek to become like it — ought logically to have the result of developing and exalting the inner man.
Jung argues that the imitatio Christi, when formalized into external veneration rather than interior realization, defeats its own declared purpose and leaves the individual psychically unchanged.
, Psychology and Alchemy, 1944thesis
She was living the life of the imitatio Christi, which means that you have to die at about thirty or thirty-two, and lived it with bitter consequences to herself.
Von Franz identifies a clinical pathology in which literal enactment of the imitatio Christi functions as a psychologically destructive death-drive, particularly through feminine self-mortification.
, Shadow and Evil in Fairy Tales, 1974thesis
Nolens volens [willing or unwilling] he ‘imitates’ Christ and follows his example. The first step on the way to individuation consists in the discrimination between himself and the shadow.
Edinger, drawing on Jung, argues that the encounter with the shadow compels an involuntary imitatio Christi, making the structural logic of individuation and the imitatio functionally equivalent.
, The New God-Image: A Study of Jung’s Key Letters Concerning the Evolution of the Western God-Image, 1996thesis
he had literally lived right up to his death the suffering prefigured and promised by Christ, without ever becoming aware that this was a consequence of the imita
Giegerich uses Jung’s account of his father to argue that the imitatio Christi can be lived entirely unconsciously, as an unrecognized structural enactment rather than a deliberate spiritual practice.
, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020thesis
Anyone who wishes to understand and to savor the words of Christ to the full must try to make his whole life conform to the pattern of Christ’s life.
This editorial note in The Red Book provides the canonical definition from Thomas à Kempis from which Jung’s sustained psychological critique of the imitatio proceeds.
, The Red Book: Liber Novus, 2009supporting
The Imitation of Christ, with its rather dour, gloomy religiosity, became one of the most popular of all Western spiritual classics.
Armstrong situates the historical imitatio tradition within late-medieval affective piety, emphasizing the morbid focus on Christ’s physical suffering and the consequent suppression of resurrection symbolism.
, A History of God, 1993supporting
The monk who achieves love comes to the God who ‘is love’ through imitation of Christ. This imitation, though, makes sense only as an awed response to the overwhelming gift given in Christ.
Climacus, as read through Sinkewicz, frames imitation of Christ not as achievement or conformity but as an awed response to an unpayable debt, grounding ascetic identity in surrender rather than effort.
, Evagrius of Pontus: The Greek Ascetic Corpus, 2003supporting
For Climacus, to imitate Christ is to surrender oneself to him. It is to accept that he alone shows a properly human life, and it is to attempt, with his help, to live his life rather than one’s own.
In Climacus’ ascetic theology, imitation of Christ is a radical self-divestiture in which the monk’s identity is entirely reconstituted through the person of Christ rather than through personal cultivation.
, Evagrius of Pontus: The Greek Ascetic Corpus, 2003supporting
the imitation of Christ in ‘death’ provides the unity of the ascetic life that not only defines the monk’s longed-for identity, but confers on him crucial stability as he progresses in God.
Sinkewicz demonstrates that for Climacus the imitatio Christi centered on death provides the structural unity and psychological integration of the entire monastic life.
, Evagrius of Pontus: The Greek Ascetic Corpus, 2003supporting
The symbol ‘Christ’ as ‘son of man’ is an analogous psychic experience of a higher spiritual being who is invisibly born in the individual, a pneumatic body which is to serve us as a future dwelling.
Jung reinterprets the Pauline formula of Christ living in the believer as a psychological description of the emerging Self, displacing literal imitation toward an interior birth of higher consciousness.
, Alchemical Studies, 1967supporting
The passio of suffering Jesus — and it is as translation of Jesus’ passion that ‘suffering’ first enters our language — is fused with all experiences of pathology.
Hillman traces how the crucifixion as the paradigmatic image of the imitatio has shaped depth psychology’s conceptualization of psychopathology as suffering, absorbing the full complexity of pathologizing under one dominant image.
, Re-Visioning Psychology, 1975aside
the sole model for psychological suffering in which death’s value is dislocated onto rebirth, linear process of gaining a better condition in exchange for a worse.
Hillman indirectly critiques the imitatio Christi pattern embedded in Jungian psychology by identifying its Protestant death-rebirth logic as a devaluation of descent and dissolution as ends in themselves.
, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account, 1983aside