Imaginal Reality

imaginal practice · imaginal response · imaginal realities

Imaginal Reality names the ontological claim, central to archetypal and depth psychology, that the image possesses genuine being — neither reducible to subjective fantasy nor identical with sensory fact. The term’s philosophical pedigree runs from Henry Corbin’s mundus imaginalis, that intermediate world mediating intellect and sense in Sufi theosophy, through James Hillman’s re-grounding of psychology on the autonomous life of images, to Robert Romanyshyn’s hermeneutic insistence that soul occupies a third, intermediate domain between matter and mind. Corbin’s decisive contribution was the sharp distinction between imaginatio vera — creative, ontologically efficacious imagination — and mere fantasy, a distinction Hillman appropriated as the charter of archetypal psychology. The corpus records significant tensions on this ground: Hillman affirms the pathologized, the monstrous, and the polytheistic as legitimate expressions of imaginal reality, diverging from Corbin’s hieratic model; Wolfgang Giegerich, by contrast, mounts a sustained critique, arguing that the imaginal mode perpetuates an ontological naivety — a duplicity of positing beings as real while simultaneously retracting that positing — and that soul’s actual life is ‘other than imaginal,’ demanding sublation into dialectical thought. Andrew Samuels extends the concept interpersonally, proposing a two-person mundus imaginalis. Practitioners such as Romanyshyn and Tozzi translate imaginal reality into methodological procedures — reverie, transference dialogue, active imagination — through which research itself becomes an imaginal practice.

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the imaginal world is by its essence the intermediate world, and the articulation between the intellectual and the sensible, in which the Active Imagination as imaginatio vera is an organ of understanding mediating between intellect and sense

Romanyshyn, citing Corbin, establishes imaginal reality as an ontologically distinct intermediate world that mediates intellect and sense through imaginatio vera, identical with neither mind nor matter.

Romanyshyn, Robert D., The Wounded Researcher: Research with Soul in Mind, 2007thesis

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this Imaginatio must not be confused with fantasy. As Paracelsus already observed, fantasy, unlike Imagination, is an exercise of thought without foundation in nature, it is the ‘madman’s cornerstone.’

Corbin grounds imaginal reality in Paracelsian and Sufi tradition by rigorously distinguishing creative Imagination — cosmogonically efficacious and ontologically founded — from mere fantasy.

Corbin, Henry, Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn Arabi, 1969thesis

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the notion of the Imagination as the magical production of an image, the very type and model of magical action, or of all action as such, but especially of creative action; and, on the other hand, the notion of the image as a body (a magical body, a mental body), in which are incarnated the thought and will of the soul.

Corbin defines imaginal reality as a domain in which images function as actual bodies incarnating spiritual intention, granting the imagination ontological primacy over abstract concept and sensory fact alike.

Corbin, Henry, Alone with the Alone: Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn Arabi, 1969thesis

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Even though the imagination admittedly does not theoretically and explicitly posit its contents as actually existing… nevertheless, by its very form, it does primarily posit beings, persons, animals and so on as positively existing. It thus constantly reaffirms the ‘natural’ ontological prejudice

Giegerich argues that the imaginal mode, despite its disclaimers, structurally reinstates a naïve ontology by positing its contents as positively existing beings, exposing an inherent duplicity in imaginal psychology’s claims.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020thesis

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This is the duplicity of psychology’s imaginal. It comes with two conflicting messages that are objectively ‘built into’ its logical form as a ‘genre.’

Giegerich identifies a structural contradiction at the heart of imaginal psychology: its genre simultaneously presents contents as real and instructs the reader not to take them literally, producing an unresolved logical duplicity.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020thesis

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Imaginal psychology holds the image in limbo. It works with the images only as a priori defused ones. The image, if left to its own dynamic, would immediately establish itself as a metaphysical or empirical truth.

Giegerich contends that archetypal psychology neutralizes images before they can assert their full truth-claim, thereby producing a domesticated, defused version of imaginal reality rather than confronting its actual force.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020thesis

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imaginal psychology does not see through the substrate character that inevitably comes with the images on account of the imaginal mode… It would realize that the actual nature of the soul’s life is ‘other than imaginal.’

Giegerich concludes that imaginal psychology must sublate itself, because the soul’s genuine life transcends the imaginal mode’s ontological substrate — a claim that directly contests Hillman’s foundational position.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020thesis

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Imaginal Practice: Greeting the Angel… the soul loses ideas by putting them into practice in answer to How? … theory itself is practice; there is nothing more practical than forming ideas and becoming aware of them in their psychological effects.

Hillman frames imaginal practice as fundamentally ideational: engaging imaginal reality means forming and inhabiting ideas, not applying them, collapsing the distinction between theory and practice in soul-making.

Hillman, James, A Blue Fire: The Essential James Hillman, 1989thesis

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In stressing the pathologized aspect of the imaginal, I am aware of diverging here from the view of Henry Corbin who is the founder of the term ‘imaginal’ and to whom my work is, and will forever remain, profoundly indebted.

Hillman explicitly marks his departure from Corbin’s hierarchical, hieratic conception of imaginal reality by insisting on pathology, the monstrous, and the horrible as legitimate expressions of imaginal life.

Hillman, James, Mythic Figures, 2007thesis

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Hillman revered Corbin’s ‘great cosmology of the imagination, which refuses any chasm between psyche and world.’ Hillman wrote that Corbin’s Eranos lectures epitomized the creative imagination’s ‘theophanic power of bringing the divine face into visibility’

Russell documents the biographical and intellectual transmission through which Corbin’s concept of an imagination that refuses any breach between psyche and world became the cornerstone of Hillman’s archetypal psychology.

Russell, Dick, Life and Ideas of James Hillman, 2023supporting

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If the idea of a two-person mundus imaginalis is taken seriously then we must regard the interpersonal in terms of psyche speaking, and the imaginal in terms of an avenue of communication between two people.

Samuels extends imaginal reality into the intersubjective field by proposing a two-person mundus imaginalis in which images mediate communication between analyst and patient, dissolving the boundary between the imaginal and the interpersonal.

Samuels, Andrew, Jung and the Post-Jungians, 1985supporting

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to insist, after the fact, on the image (or the imaginal at large in CORBIN’s sense) as psychological reality (not a ‘mere’ image ‘in’ us) and to declare that psychological reality is primary cannot undo this castration, because this castration happened prior to that declaration

Giegerich argues that archetypal psychology’s retrospective elevation of the imaginal to primary psychological reality cannot recover an ontological dignity already foreclosed by the modern reduction of the Gods to contents of consciousness.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020supporting

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All the substances used in alchemy were not seen as merely chemical, positive-factual ones in our sense… They were at once physical and imaginal, even fantastic. Imagination was the basis of alchemy, its natural ‘element,’ not a distant goal to be produced through a long process of laborious work.

Giegerich reads alchemy as a historical phase in which imaginal reality and material reality were not yet differentiated, establishing the imaginal as the primordial element from which alchemical consciousness operated.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020supporting

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this imaginal region of the psyche, does not submit to numbering… it is better comprehended as a storehouse of qualities and a movement of changing images that are the formal causes of experience, giving it shape, color, change, and significance.

Hillman argues that imaginal reality operates through formal causation — shaping experience qualitatively — and therefore resists quantitative reduction, positioning the imaginal as prior to and more fundamental than measurement-based psychology.

Hillman, James, The Myth of Analysis: Three Essays in Archetypal Psychology, 1972supporting

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Even the strongest ego, hard and toughened through its repetitious coping with its ‘problem,’ is forced ever and again to submit to imaginal powers. As if to a living God, the I is forced to serve.

Hillman demonstrates the coercive authority of imaginal reality by showing that even the most fortified ego must ultimately capitulate to imaginal powers, which operate with the necessity of divine forces.

Hillman, James, The Myth of Analysis: Three Essays in Archetypal Psychology, 1972supporting

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Rather than experiencing imaginary figures as unreal and pathological, Watkins perceives the task of therapy as ‘the articulation of the imaginal other.’ … therapeutic methods that stay close to the expressions of art and enter their world demonstrate how everyone benefits by encouraging the full emanation of imaginal figures.

McNiff, via Watkins, presents imaginal reality as therapeutically primary: the healing task is not interpretation but articulation of the imaginal other, keeping imaginal figures in their full autonomous presence.

McNiff, Shaun, Art Heals: How Creativity Cures the Soul, 2004supporting

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The sign for the fact that this is indeed the case is our split between the literal and the imaginal. We feel that we have to deliteralize in order to get access to the imaginal.

Giegerich reads the modern need to deliteralize as evidence that imaginal reality no longer presents itself immediately but requires a deliberate hermeneutic operation, indicating that direct participation in myth is historically foreclosed.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020supporting

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The imaginal can of course be taken as metaphysical reality, in which case it is a mystification and would have been reified and positivized… if the imaginal is not taken as metaphysical reality, then it requires a constant conscious effort of deliteralization

Giegerich maps the dilemma structurally: imaginal reality either collapses into metaphysical reification or demands perpetual conscious deliteralization — neither option, in his view, constitutes genuine psychological rigor.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020supporting

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the international and transcultural context is a challenge, because the method must be calibrated according to local sensibilities and idiosyncrasies, giving attention to the ‘cultural unconscious’ underlying the different contexts.

Tozzi positions imaginal practice as a culturally embedded methodology, noting that active imagination as a structured engagement with imaginal reality must be adapted to the cultural unconscious of different contexts.

Tozzi, Chiara, Active Imagination in Theory, Practice and Training, 2017supporting

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they neglect our history and the claims of its images upon us… By circumventing our imaginal tradition, they cut us off even further from it.

Hillman argues that bypassing the Western imaginal tradition through Eastern or primitivist alternatives compounds the soul’s estrangement, because imaginal reality is historically specific and cannot be accessed through borrowed symbolic systems.

Hillman, James; Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich, Pan and the Nightmare, 1972supporting

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In imaginal psychology it is fashionable to talk about the Dionysian and its exemplary importance for the soul. However, paying a lot of attention to something can have the purpose of avoiding being subjected to what one is talking about

Giegerich charges imaginal psychology with a defensive relation to its own stated contents: extensive discourse about the Dionysian within the imaginal frame functions as immunization against the actual force of what is being discussed.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020supporting

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The science of the Imagination is also the science of mirrors, of all mirroring ‘surfaces’ and of the forms that appear in them… though forms appear in mirrors, they are not in the mirrors.

Corbin articulates the specular logic of imaginal reality — images appear in the soul as in a mirror but are not merely internal projections, establishing the ontological independence of imaginal forms from their perceiving subject.

Corbin, Henry, Alone with the Alone: Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn Arabi, 1969supporting

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We need the images, because without them we would not be able to think anything — the mind would just be blank. But we need them only to sublate them.

Giegerich concedes the indispensable role of images while insisting that their proper psychological function is to be sublated into thought rather than preserved as imaginal reality in its own right.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020aside

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imagination, an animal mundi and an anima mundi, both diaphanous and passionate, unerring in its patterns and in all ways necessary, the necessary angel that makes brute necessity angelic

Hillman hymns the imagination as simultaneously world-soul and animal-soul, characterizing imaginal reality as both cosmological ground and instinctual necessity — a poetic formulation of the imaginal’s ontological status.

Hillman, James, A Blue Fire: The Essential James Hillman, 1989aside

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This myth has been given an elaborate and insightful interpretation by Tom MOORE, from the standpoint of archetypal, imaginal psychology. As valuable as this interpretation is, it is guided by two (implicit) methodological tenets which can be shown upon closer examination to be untenable

Giegerich uses Moore’s Actaeon interpretation as a case study to expose the methodological weaknesses endemic to imaginal psychology as a hermeneutic practice.

Giegerich, Wolfgang, The Soul’s Logical Life Towards a Rigorous Notion of, 2020aside

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