The concordance 16 witnesses
Orientation
Homer’s Hermes deceives even as he delivers: to be led by him is to be, in the plain sense of the English idiom, taken for a ride. Karl Kerényi’s philological study insists that psychopompos never meant a neutral escort; it named a dynamic, mobilizing force that dislodges the psyche from wherever it has become fixed, gullibility included. Kerényi traces this to the final book of the Iliad, where Hermes is sent to Priam not as Zeus’s messenger, a role belonging to Iris, but as pompos, one who “likes to associate with a person” and stays beside him. The Homeric Hymn, on Kerényi’s reading, confers this as a formal office, a herald’s ordination to Hades, and even there Hermes remains “painless,” gentle among the dead rather than fearsome. Paul Radin locates the same authority in the caduceus, which separates Hermes from the mere trickster: the staff marks a genuine hoverer between worlds, not just a cunning operator. Donald Kalsched carries this into clinical territory, arguing that the trickster’s diabolical, threshold nature is precisely what initiates new psychic beginnings, while Jung’s Aion identifies the psychopomp with the anima who leads consciousness toward its Elysian liberation.
Hermes is the god who ‘leads you on.’ Perhaps it is not the same in Hungarian, but in American English this means he is deceiving you, taking advantage of your gullibility, ‘taking you for a ride.’
Kerényi, via Boer, argues that psychopompos means not simply ‘guide of souls’ but a fundamentally deceptive, mobilizing force that dislodges the psyche from rigid positions.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944thesis
in the hand of Hermes this wand has nothing to do with the works of earthly magicians; it is the staff of the psychopomp, of the messenger and mediator, of the hoverer-between-worlds who dwells in a world of his own: a symbol of those divine qualities which transcend mere trickery.
Radin distinguishes the trickster figure from Hermes by locating the caduceus as the mark of genuine psychopomp function—mediation and hovering between worlds that surpasses mere cunning.
, The Trickster: A Study in American Indian Mythology, 1956thesis
Doubtless the Psychopompos and his office are meant here. He is a ‘herald appointed to Hades,’ and this is on the strength of his ordination.
Kerényi establishes through close reading of the Homeric Hymn that the psychopomp role was a formally conferred, initiatory office, not simply an ad hoc function.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944thesis
Gentle, his golden staff gleaming, Hermes appears even among the musty paths of ghosts. Here, too, he is named ἀκάκητα (‘painless’) since he does no harm even to these unfortunate souls.
Kerényi shows that Homer’s Hermes retains his luminous, benign quality even within the underworld, distinguishing the psychopomp as a gentle presence among the dead rather than a fearsome one.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944thesis
he is the supra-individual source of a particular world experience and world configuration… that other experience of the world that the antique statements correlate with Hermes… open to the possibility of a transcendent guide and leader who is also able to provide impressions to consciousness, but of a different kind.
Kerényi frames Hermes as the archetype underlying an entire mode of world-experience—one open to transcendent guidance and impressions of consciousness that differ from purely empirical reception.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944thesis
He is sent not as a messenger—the messenger of Zeus in the Iliad is Iris—but as a guide (πομπός). For it is Hermes who likes to associate with a person (‘Hermes—escorting men is your greatest joy, you above all the gods …’ Iliad, 24.334–35).
Kerényi draws a precise distinction between Hermes as mere divine messenger and Hermes as personal psychopomp-guide, the latter being his defining Homeric characteristic in the final book of the Iliad.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944thesis
Not uncommonly, he is a psychopomp, an intermediary between the gods and men, and often his diabolical nature is precisely what is necessary to help initiate a new beginning.
Kalsched identifies the psychopomp function within the Trickster’s paradoxical, threshold nature, arguing that the diabolical aspect is clinically indispensable for initiating psychological transformation.
, The Inner World of Trauma: Archetypal Defences of the Personal Spirit, 1996thesis
the idea of liberty has been changed back to its original dramatic state—into the shining figure of the anima, freed from the weight of the earth and the tyranny of the senses, the psychopomp who leads the way to the Elysian fields.
Jung identifies the anima with the psychopomp function, casting her as the soul-guide who liberates consciousness and leads it toward the Elysian dimension of psychic experience.
, Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self, 1951thesis
one is grateful to those who have helped the figure of ‘the speech-gifted mediator and psychogogue’ to become, in the fresh vestments of the English language, ‘for all to whom life is an adventure—whether an adventure of love or of spirit—… the common guide.’
Magda Kerényi’s prefatory note consecrates Hermes as the ‘speech-gifted mediator and psychogogue’—a universal guide for all adventurous souls, linking the psychopomp role to the very project of the book.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944supporting
Hermes as Priapus connecting two extremes of the soul – a freakish eating, with its attachment to life, and depression and death. Here again we find Hermes with his ithyphallic sexuality, lord of the roads, leading the freakish children of his son, by acting out the imagination, to a connection with the realm of depression and death.
López-Pedraza extends the psychopomp function into clinical practice, arguing that Hermes as ithyphallic boundary-lord provides imaginal access to depression and death that conventional therapeutic approaches deny.
, Hermes and His Children, 1977supporting
there is a total rejection of the association of illness and depression, and of the necessity of providing hermetic indirection into depression.
López-Pedraza argues that modern therapeutic culture’s repudiation of depression and illness amounts to a rejection of the hermetic psychopomp function—the necessary indirect leading toward the underworld.
, Hermes and His Children, 1977supporting
Hecate, too, as well as Hermes, may transport souls (both being guardians of the underworld), and she is also an ἄγγελος.
Kerényi situates the psychopomp function within a wider network of underworld guardians including Hecate and Iris, refining Hermes’ uniqueness by comparison with overlapping divine offices.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944supporting
To that world belongs also the rejected parts and the disavowed: the phallic as well as the spiritual, the shameless as well as the gentle and merciful, even if the connection between all these qualities does not seem to make sense.
Kerényi insists that the Hermes world—and thus the psychopomp’s domain—encompasses the rejected, shameless, and phallic alongside the spiritual, resisting any sanitized reduction of his guidance role.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944supporting
The basic meaning revealed here, ‘fast as death,’ suits the messenger Hermes, not only as an Arcadian or Cyllenian deity but also as an Olympian.
Kerényi’s etymological analysis of the epithet eriounios reveals a chthonic, death-associated meaning that aligns Hermes the divine messenger with his psychopomp function from the earliest strata of Greek religion.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944supporting
Hermes – Psychotherapy – the Hermaphrodite
The table of contents of López-Pedraza’s monograph signals the sustained triadic association that structures his argument: Hermes, psychotherapy, and the hermaphrodite as psychological and mythological concepts.
, Hermes and His Children, 1977aside
Who can protect him, guide him aright, give him good counsel? The spirit of Night itself, the genius of its kindliness, its enchantment, its resourcefulness, and its profound wisdom.
Kerényi’s nocturnal evocation of the traveler in danger serves as an atmospheric prelude to the psychopomp’s protective function on boundary roads between the living and dead.
, Hermes Guide of Souls, 1944aside