The concordance 15 witnesses
Orientation
“She suffers not because she has unconscious fantasies but because her father has them.” Jung’s line, from The Development of Personality, states the paradox at the root of child psychology as a depth-psychological problem: the child is treated as symptom rather than subject. Andrew Samuels, in Jung and the Post-Jungians, catalogues Jung’s own ambivalence on this point, quoting his insistence that children “have no psychology of their own” but are instead saturated by the parental atmosphere. Renos Papadopoulos systematizes the resulting model in The Handbook of Jungian Psychology: the child’s psyche as largely contained within the parental psyche, individuation arriving only through a second, later birth. Jung complicates this containment thesis elsewhere, arguing in Civilization in Transition that a child’s disproportionate fear, absent ordinary cause, should be read archetypally rather than biographically, and in The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious he separates the empirical child entirely from the mythic Child-symbol. James Hillman, in Mythic Figures, rejects the developmental scaffolding underneath all of this, arguing that what depth psychology calls regression is simply the psyche’s return to the child, wrongly pathologized as decline rather than recognized as a genuine imaginal movement.
children have no psychology of their own, in the literal sense. They are so much in the mental atmosphere of their parents…they are imbued with the paternal or maternal atmosphere, and they express these influences
Samuels exposes Jung’s self-contradiction on child psychology, juxtaposing his acknowledgment of infant individuality with his claim that children lack independent psychology and merely reflect parental psychic atmosphere.
, Jung and the Post-Jungians, 1985thesis
The child’s psyche as largely contained in the parental psyche and reflective of it…Via the unconscious, a kind of psychological programming of the child’s inner world takes place, for good or ill.
Papadopoulos systematizes the Jungian view of early childhood as a phase of psychic containment within the parental field, with individuation emerging only through a second, psychological birth.
, The Handbook of Jungian Psychology: Theory, Practice and Applications, 2006thesis
What depth psychology has come to call regression is nothing other than a return to the child…A developmental model will be plagued by its counter-movement, atavism, and reversion will be seen, not as a return through likeness to imaginal reality…but as a regression to a worse condition.
Hillman critiques the linear developmental model underpinning most depth-psychological child psychology, arguing that its equation of regression with devolution misrepresents the psyche’s imaginal backward movements.
, Mythic Figures, 2007thesis
What would be the use of talking to the child about incestuous fantasies and father-fixations?…She suffers not because she has unconscious fantasies but because her father has them. She is a victim of the wrong atmosphere in the home.
Jung argues through clinical illustration that the child’s psychopathology is primarily a symptom of parental unconscious conflicts, not the child’s own, demanding intervention at the parental rather than the child level.
, The Development of Personality, 1954thesis
Jungian child analysis is a separate and thriving field…A complicating factor in the discussions going on amongst analytical psychologists who work with children is Jung’s ambivalent attitude to the psychology of children.
Samuels maps the institutional development of Jungian child analysis while underscoring that its theoretical foundations remain complicated by Jung’s unresolved ambivalence about whether children possess genuine psychological interiority.
, Jung and the Post-Jungians, 1985supporting
the mythological idea of the child is emphatically not a copy of the empirical child but a symbol clearly recognizable as such: it is a wonder-child, a divine child…not—this is the point—a human child.
Jung distinguishes the archetypal Child motif categorically from the empirical child of developmental observation, insisting that depth psychology’s ‘child’ concept operates at the level of symbol rather than biographical fact.
, The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, 1959supporting
children have an almost uncanny instinct for the teacher’s personal shortcomings. They know the false from the true far better than one likes to admit. Therefore the teacher should watch his own psychic condition.
Jung argues that the child’s perceptual sensitivity to adult inauthenticity makes the educator’s own psychological development the primary instrument of child psychology in practice.
, The Development of Personality, 1954supporting
Suppose a child is afraid of its mother…If there is nothing of this kind to explain the fear, then I would suggest that the situation be regarded as an archetypal one.
Jung proposes that disproportionate childhood fears, when lacking rational cause, should be read as activations of archetypal configurations rather than as purely biographical responses.
, Civilization in Transition, 1964supporting
The childishness that returns as the personal shadow deserves better treatment than merely the Freudian one. Jung indicated that the treatment of childishness, of psychopathology, at the archetypal level is to ‘dream the myth onwards.’
Hillman argues that regressive childish material in the adult psyche carries prospective archetypal significance and must be engaged mythically rather than reduced to developmental pathology.
, Mythic Figures, 2007supporting
The child archetype, because of its ahistorical and prehistorical tendencies, by moulding consciousness after itself would have us lose history, producing a generation of abandoned children who see all things in their beginnings and ends.
Hillman warns that uncritical identification with the child archetype produces an ahistorical consciousness incapable of psychological or cultural maturation.
, Mythic Figures, 2007supporting
We reinforce this process in children by education and culture. School is in fact a means of strengthening in a purposeful way the integration of consciousness.
Jung frames formal education as the cultural mechanism by which the child’s emerging ego is systematically consolidated and separated from its unconscious origins.
, The Development of Personality, 1954supporting
the period from six months to four years may be critical for the capacity to form stable relationships, since children who had been adopted after four…remained antisocial in their behaviour at school.
Bowlby’s empirical research establishes developmentally critical periods in early childhood for relational capacity, providing longitudinal evidence for the lasting consequences of early deprivation.
, John Bowlby and Attachment Theory (Makers of Modern, 2014supporting
Sometimes such cases are still mainly functional and not yet organic, so that it is possible to do something for them with psychotherapy. That is why I have mentioned this case in some detail. It may give some idea of what goes on in the child’s mind behind the scenes.
Jung’s clinical account of childhood psychosis and prepsychotic states demonstrates the depth of unconscious process operative in children and the therapeutic possibilities available before organic consolidation.
, The Development of Personality, 1954supporting
The psychology of these early maturational phases has been, and still is, a subject of much lively discussion and controversy. See, for example, Michael Fordham, Children as Individuals and The Self and Autism.
Jacoby acknowledges the ongoing theoretical controversy surrounding early developmental psychology within analytical psychology, directing attention to Fordham’s foundational contributions.
, The Analytic Encounter: Transference and Human Relationship, 1984aside
The infant does not, of course, know that he is deintegrating but he will be aware of experiencing something, usually in connection with a bodily zone and accompanied by excitation.
Samuels summarizes Fordham’s model of infant deintegration and reintegration, a developmental framework that grounds child psychology in the activity of the self from the earliest life stages.
, Jung and the Post-Jungians, 1985aside