---
title: "Toward Psychologies of Liberation"
author: "Mary Watkins and Helene Shulman"
year: 2008
shelf: "the-psyche"
purchase_url: "https://bookshop.org/search?keywords=Watkins+Shulman+Psychologies+Liberation"
in_stock: false
related: ["watkins-invisible-guests", "hillman-revisioning-psychology", "menakem-grandmothers-hands", "fisher-healing-fragmented-selves", "cozolino-neuroscience-of-psychotherapy"]
collections: []
content_type: "book-commentary"
key_takeaways:
  - "Watkins and Shulman extend the depth-psychological tradition into the field of liberation psychology developed by Ignacio Martín-Baró, Paulo Freire, and the Latin American community-psychology generation, supplying the working bridge by which Jungian and archetypal practice acquires the political-ethical accountability that mainstream community psychology had been demanding for decades and that depth psychology, with its emphasis on individual interior, had been slow to articulate."
  - "By installing critical participatory action research and dialogical ethics at the centre of their methodology, the authors refuse the traditional psychological positioning of researcher-as-expert and patient-as-object, replacing it with a vulnerable co-participant model in which the analyst’s own social location is itself a substantive material of the work—an inversion that has consequences for clinical practice no less than for community organising."
  - "The book’s late chapters on the liberation arts, on dreams of reconciliation, and on *tikkun olam* (the restoration and repair of the world) demonstrate that the imaginal capacity Watkins articulated in *Invisible Guests* is not only a developmental form for the individual but a political practice for the collective, and that depth psychology’s relevance to contemporary justice work depends on the same dialogical discipline both registers require."
references:
  - "Watkins, M., & Shulman, H. (2008). *Toward Psychologies of Liberation*. Palgrave Macmillan."
  - "Martín-Baró, I. (1994). *Writings for a Liberation Psychology*. Harvard University Press."
  - "Freire, P. (1970). *Pedagogy of the Oppressed*. Continuum."
  - "Watkins, M. (1986). *Invisible Guests: The Development of Imaginal Dialogues*. The Analytic Press."
  - "Hillman, J. (1992). *We’ve Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy and the World’s Getting Worse*. HarperSanFrancisco."
glossary_terms:
  - "self"
  - "shadow"
  - "complex"
  - "trauma"
  - "individuation"
scholar_prompts:
  - "How does Watkins and Shulman’s account of liberation psychology relate to Samuels’s political turn in *The Plural Psyche* and *The Political Psyche*—do these two post-Jungian projects converge on a shared picture of depth-psychological politics, or do they articulate distinct theories of the relation between interior multiplicity and democratic ethics?"
  - "If clinical work is constitutively political because the analyst’s and patient’s social locations are substantive material of the field, what does this imply for the training of depth-psychologically oriented clinicians—are existing post-Jungian and relational-analytic curricula equipped to develop the dialogical capacity the authors require, and where do they fall short?"
  - "Watkins and Shulman draw on the Hebrew concept of *tikkun olam* as a closing frame for restoration and repair; how does this theological-ethical concept relate to the Jungian commitment to the *coniunctio* and to the older Western alchemical imagery of the redemption of matter, and what is gained when liberation psychology is read as a contemporary register of these older traditions?"
seo_title: "Toward Psychologies of Liberation by Watkins and Shulman — Depth Psychology Meets Liberation Practice | Seba.Health"
seo_description: "Watkins and Shulman extend depth psychology into liberation psychology — dialogical ethics and critical participatory research at the centre of the work."
---

**Depth Psychology Acquires the Political-Ethical Accountability It Had Been Slow to Articulate**

Watkins and Shulman open *Toward Psychologies of Liberation* with a horizon their depth-psychological readers had not been asked to share at this scale. The first pages list, without flinching, the array of contemporary suffering — civil war, genocide, state-sponsored violence and torture, extreme poverty and malnutrition, destruction of cultures and languages, forced migration, sex trafficking, rampant substance abuse and addiction, child labour, racial discrimination, environmental degradation — that constitutes the field within which any psychology adequate to the present must operate. The authors are unsparing about the question this list puts to mainstream professional psychology:

> “The professions informed by psychology and other social sciences do very little in response to their awareness of massive social problems such as extreme poverty and genocidal violence.” — Watkins & Shulman, *Toward Psychologies of Liberation* The book is the constructive response to that diagnosis, and its constructive move is to extend the depth-psychological tradition — Jungian, archetypal, relational, somatic — into conversation with the liberation-psychology tradition that Martín-Baró, Freire, Maritza Montero, and the Latin American community-psychology generation had been developing for half a century. The result is the working bridge by which Jungian and archetypal practice acquires the political-ethical accountability mainstream community psychology had been demanding and that depth psychology, with its emphasis on individual interior, had been slow to articulate.

**Critical Participatory Action Research and the Vulnerable Co-Participant**

The book’s methodological centre is the chapter on critical participatory action research, and the authors’ formulation is operational. The traditional psychological-research posture — researcher as detached observer, patient or community as object — is replaced with a vulnerable co-participant model in which the researcher’s own social location is itself substantive material. The authors articulate the methodology as a sequence of inversions: from centre to margin, from colonising research to indigenous research, from claims of universality to appreciation of social location, from pure knowledge to the synthesis of critical reflection and action, from expert to vulnerable co-participant and advocate, from manifest to latent (listening for gaps, silences, and polyvocality), from speaking *for* to speaking *with* to testimonial practices, and toward what they name contextual, interpretive, catalytic, and psychopolitical validity. The methodological density is the book’s political form. The clinician trained in depth-psychological practice will recognise in this sequence the same dialogical discipline that *Invisible Guests* had named at the level of the imaginal interior, now operating at the level of the social field. The clinical pay-off is exact. The analyst whose practice has not been shaped by the inversions the authors describe will find that the social locations of the analyst and the patient operate inside the consulting room whether or not the analyst attends to them, and that the depth tradition’s commitment to the unconscious includes, structurally, the unconscious of the social field.

**The Liberation Arts and the Politics of Imagination**

The book’s middle chapters on the liberation arts — altars and memorials, storytelling circles, theatre practices, photovoice, video, performances and conceptual arts — make a single sustained argument: that the imaginal capacity *Invisible Guests* described as a developmental form for the individual is also a political practice for the collective. The arts are not illustrative of liberation politics; they are the substantive medium by which a community’s dialogical capacity is restored, exercised, and rehearsed. Augusto Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, the *arpilleras* of Pinochet-era Chile, the testimonio practice that Latin American liberation psychology developed in conversation with the truth and reconciliation processes — all are described as instances of a single underlying form. The dialogical interior, when it is exercised collectively, becomes a politics; the politics, when it is sustained against the pressures of state and economic violence, becomes the substrate of psychic survival. The depth-psychological reader will recognise in this continuity Hillman’s argument in *We’ve Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy and the World’s Getting Worse* — that interior work without political accountability is incomplete. Watkins and Shulman supply the operational extension Hillman’s polemic had named without fully delivering.

**Tikkun Olam: Restoration and Repair**

The book’s closing chapter draws its name from the Hebrew concept of *tikkun olam*, the restoration and repair of the world. The choice of frame is deliberate. Liberation psychology, in the authors’ reading, is not a programme of progressive optimism that imagines historical injustice as soluble by sufficient effort; it is a discipline of sustained engagement with what cannot be fully restored, undertaken in the recognition that the work itself is the point and that the world’s repair is a horizon that organises the practice rather than a destination the practice arrives at. The closing chapter on dreams of reconciliation and restoration draws on the truth and reconciliation processes (South Africa, Argentina, Peru), on the limits and gifts of restorative as opposed to retributive justice, and on the long literature of remorse, apology, and forgiveness, into which depth psychology has its own contribution to make. *Tikkun olam* is, in the authors’ reading, the Hebrew name for the same disciplined patience that depth psychology has named under the alchemical figure of the *coniunctio* — the slow work by which divided things are brought into relation without the loss of either, the long restoration of dialogical capacity that is, equally, the analytic and the political task.

For any practitioner whose depth-psychological practice has been operating without an articulated relation to the political and ethical field within which the practice takes place, *Toward Psychologies of Liberation* is the indispensable bridge text. After Watkins and Shulman, the question is no longer whether depth psychology has political consequences; it is what discipline of dialogical practice the analyst is willing to develop in order to honour the consequences the practice already has. The book is the natural pair to Watkins’s earlier *Invisible Guests*, and the two are best read together — the first establishing the dialogical capacity at the level of the imaginal interior, the second extending the same capacity into the social field where the work of *tikkun olam* is the substantive task.