Seba.Health

The Iliad 2.441–455

The Iliad 2.441–455
The kings, nurtured of Zeus, that were about Atreus' son, sped swiftly, marshalling the host, and in their midst was the flashing-eyed Athene, bearing the priceless aegis, that knoweth neither age nor death, wherefrom are hung an hundred tassels all of gold, all of them cunningly woven, and each one of the worth of an hundred oxen. Therewith she sped dazzling throughout the host of the Achaeans, urging them to go forth; and in the heart of each man she roused strength to war and to battle without ceasing. And to them forthwith war became sweeter than to return in their hollow ships to their dear native land. Even as a consuming fire maketh a boundless forest to blaze on the peaks of a mountain, and from afar is the glare thereof to be seen, even so from their innumerable bronze, as they marched forth, went the dazzling gleam up through the sky unto the heavens.
ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων. αὐτίκα κηρύκεσσι λιγυφθόγγοισι κέλευσε κηρύσσειν πόλεμον δὲ κάρη κομόωντας Ἀχαιούς· οἳ μὲν ἐκήρυσσον, τοὶ δʼ ἠγείροντο μάλʼ ὦκα. οἳ δʼ ἀμφʼ Ἀτρεΐωνα διοτρεφέες βασιλῆες θῦνον κρίνοντες, μετὰ δὲ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη αἰγίδʼ ἔχουσʼ ἐρίτιμον ἀγήρων ἀθανάτην τε, τῆς ἑκατὸν θύσανοι παγχρύσεοι ἠερέθονται, πάντες ἐϋπλεκέες, ἑκατόμβοιος δὲ ἕκαστος· σὺν τῇ παιφάσσουσα διέσσυτο λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν ὀτρύνουσʼ ἰέναι· ἐν δὲ σθένος ὦρσεν ἑκάστῳ καρδίῃ ἄλληκτον πολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι. τοῖσι δʼ ἄφαρ πόλεμος γλυκίων γένετʼ ἠὲ νέεσθαι ἐν νηυσὶ γλαφυρῇσι φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν. ἠΰτε πῦρ ἀΐδηλον ἐπιφλέγει ἄσπετον ὕλην
Lattimore commentary
The grandeur of the coming battle is highlighted by Athene’s magical intervention, a chain of six similes, and a fresh, extended invocation to the Muses. The aegis of Athene is a shield-like goatskin that in the hands of Zeus or the goddess can stun and terrify enemies (although here it seems to inspire). The similes stress the ways in which the clash resembles powerful aspects of nature: forest fire (the armor’s gleam); migrating birds, insects, and plant life (multitudes of fighters); herds of goats (separate army divisions of men); and an ox (Agamemnon). The Muses are asked to provided detailed information about the chief men and the strength to recite it. The subsequent Catalogue of Ships must have been a tour de force in recitation. The contrast between hearing (a secondary form of knowing) and autopsy (available occasionally to humans but always to the Muses, as they are eternal) persists in later Greek literature, especially the historical writings of Herodotus and Thucydides.
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