The Iliad &middot; Book 2

Agamemnon to Leaders Of The Greeks (greek Soldiers)

Lines 35–49

So spoke the Dream, and departed, and left him there, pondering in his heart on things that were not to be brought to pass. For in sooth he deemed that he should take the city of Priam that very day, fool that he was! seeing he knew not what deeds Zeus was purposing, who was yet to bring woes and groanings on Trojans alike and Danaans throughout the course of stubborn fights. Then he awoke from sleep, and the divine voice was ringing in his ears. He sat upright and did on his soft tunic, fair and glistering,1 and about him cast his great cloak, and beneath his shining feet he bound his fair sandals, and about his shoulders flung his silver-studded sword; and he grasped the sceptre of his fathers, imperishable ever, and therewith took his way along the ships of the brazen-coated Achaeans. Now the goddess Dawn went up to high Olympus, to announce the light to Zeus and the other immortals,

ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἀπεβήσετο, τὸν δὲ λίπʼ αὐτοῦ τὰ φρονέοντʼ ἀνὰ θυμὸν ἅ ῥʼ οὐ τελέεσθαι ἔμελλον· φῆ γὰρ ὅ γʼ αἱρήσειν Πριάμου πόλιν ἤματι κείνῳ νήπιος, οὐδὲ τὰ ᾔδη ἅ ῥα Ζεὺς μήδετο ἔργα· θήσειν γὰρ ἔτʼ ἔμελλεν ἐπʼ ἄλγεά τε στοναχάς τε Τρωσί τε καὶ Δαναοῖσι διὰ κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας. ἔγρετο δʼ ἐξ ὕπνου, θείη δέ μιν ἀμφέχυτʼ ὀμφή· ἕζετο δʼ ὀρθωθείς, μαλακὸν δʼ ἔνδυνε χιτῶνα καλὸν νηγάτεον, περὶ δὲ μέγα βάλλετο φᾶρος· ποσσὶ δʼ ὑπὸ λιπαροῖσιν ἐδήσατο καλὰ πέδιλα, ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρʼ ὤμοισιν βάλετο ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον· εἵλετο δὲ σκῆπτρον πατρώϊον ἄφθιτον αἰεὶ σὺν τῷ ἔβη κατὰ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων· ἠὼς μέν ῥα θεὰ προσεβήσετο μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον Ζηνὶ φόως ἐρέουσα καὶ ἄλλοις ἀθανάτοισιν·

Lattimore commentary

Foreshadowing by the poet about facts someone in the story does not yet know is frequently accompanied by the remark that the character is a “fool” (nêpios). Dawn (Êôs) is a goddess living at the edge of the world (where myths relate that she keeps her mortal lover Tithonos). The rare and beautiful expression “message of light” draws a contrast with the loud noise of the camp as heralds summon the troops.

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algea thumos

Lines 50–55

but Agamemnon bade the clear-voiced heralds summon to the place of gathering the long-haired Achaeans. And they made summons, and the men gathered full quickly. But the king first made the council of the great-souled elders to sit down beside the ship of Nestor, the king Pylos-born. And when he had called them together, he contrived a cunning plan, and said: Hearken, my friends, a Dream from heaven came to me in my sleep through the ambrosial night, and most like was it to goodly Nestor, in form and in stature and in build. It took its stand above my head, and spake to me, saying:‘Thou sleepest, son of wise-hearted Atreus, the tamer of horses. To sleep the whole night through beseemeth not a man that is a counsellor, to whom a host is entrusted, and upon whom rest so many cares. But now, hearken thou quickly unto me, for I am a messenger to thee from Zeus, who, far away though he be, hath exceeding care for thee and pity.He biddeth thee arm the long-haired Achaeans with all speed, since now thou mayest take the broad-wayed city of the Trojans. For the immortals that have homes upon Olympus are no longer divided in counsel, since Hera hath bent the minds of all by her supplication, and over the Trojans hang woes by the will of Zeus.But do thou keep this in thy heart.’ So spake he, and was flown away, and sweet sleep let me go. Nay, come now, if in any wise we may, let us arm the sons of the Achaeans; but first will I make trial of them in speech, as is right, and will bid them flee with their benched ships;but do you from this side and from that bespeak them, and strive to hold them back.

αὐτὰρ ὃ κηρύκεσσι λιγυφθόγγοισι κέλευσε κηρύσσειν ἀγορὴν δὲ κάρη κομόωντας Ἀχαιούς· οἳ μὲν ἐκήρυσσον, τοὶ δʼ ἠγείροντο μάλʼ ὦκα· βουλὴν δὲ πρῶτον μεγαθύμων ἷζε γερόντων Νεστορέῃ παρὰ νηῒ Πυλοιγενέος βασιλῆος· τοὺς ὅ γε συγκαλέσας πυκινὴν ἀρτύνετο βουλήν·

Lattimore commentary

The council of elders always meets to discuss important matters before they are announced to the general assembly of fighting men, a system that is echoed in the later Athenian democratic institutions of small executive council (boulê—the same word used here) and legislative assembly (ekklêsia).

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Lines 56–75

‘Thou sleepest, son of wise-hearted Atreus, the tamer of horses. To sleep the whole night through beseemeth not a man that is a counsellor, to whom a host is entrusted, and upon whom rest so many cares. But now, hearken thou quickly unto me, for I am a messenger to thee from Zeus, who, far away though he be, hath exceeding care for thee and pity. He biddeth thee arm the long-haired Achaeans with all speed, since now thou mayest take the broad-wayed city of the Trojans. For the immortals that have homes upon Olympus are no longer divided in counsel, since Hera hath bent the minds of all by her supplication, and over the Trojans hang woes by the will of Zeus. But do thou keep this in thy heart.’ So spake he, and was flown away, and sweet sleep let me go. Nay, come now, if in any wise we may, let us arm the sons of the Achaeans; but first will I make trial of them in speech, as is right, and will bid them flee with their benched ships; but do you from this side and from that bespeak them, and strive to hold them back.

κλῦτε φίλοι· θεῖός μοι ἐνύπνιον ἦλθεν ὄνειρος ἀμβροσίην διὰ νύκτα· μάλιστα δὲ Νέστορι δίῳ εἶδός τε μέγεθός τε φυήν τʼ ἄγχιστα ἐῴκει· στῆ δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς καί με πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν· εὕδεις Ἀτρέος υἱὲ δαΐφρονος ἱπποδάμοιο· οὐ χρὴ παννύχιον εὕδειν βουληφόρον ἄνδρα, ᾧ λαοί τʼ ἐπιτετράφαται καὶ τόσσα μέμηλε· νῦν δʼ ἐμέθεν ξύνες ὦκα· Διὸς δέ τοι ἄγγελός εἰμι, ὃς σεῦ ἄνευθεν ἐὼν μέγα κήδεται ἠδʼ ἐλεαίρει· θωρῆξαί σε κέλευσε κάρη κομόωντας Ἀχαιοὺς πανσυδίῃ· νῦν γάρ κεν ἕλοις πόλιν εὐρυάγυιαν Τρώων· οὐ γὰρ ἔτʼ ἀμφὶς Ὀλύμπια δώματʼ ἔχοντες ἀθάνατοι φράζονται· ἐπέγναμψεν γὰρ ἅπαντας Ἥρη λισσομένη, Τρώεσσι δὲ κήδεʼ ἐφῆπται ἐκ Διός· ἀλλὰ σὺ σῇσιν ἔχε φρεσίν· ὣς ὃ μὲν εἰπὼν ᾤχετʼ ἀποπτάμενος, ἐμὲ δὲ γλυκὺς ὕπνος ἀνῆκεν. ἀλλʼ ἄγετʼ αἴ κέν πως θωρήξομεν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν· πρῶτα δʼ ἐγὼν ἔπεσιν πειρήσομαι, ἣ θέμις ἐστί, καὶ φεύγειν σὺν νηυσὶ πολυκλήϊσι κελεύσω· ὑμεῖς δʼ ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος ἐρητύειν ἐπέεσσιν.

Lattimore commentary

Agamemnon produces his own twist on the message of Dream, omitting the final advice to not forget (clearly he has not). He also adds to the command to arm the troops a quite odd verbal “testing,” which he claims is “customary” (themis), in which he will suggest the opposite of what he really wants: that everyone take ship for home. As if already unsure whether this test will backfire (as it eventually does) Agamemnon advises his fellow commanders to stand at the ready with encouraging words.

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Nestor to Leaders Of The Greeks (greek Soldiers)

Lines 76–78

ἤτοι ὅ γʼ ὣς εἰπὼν κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζετο, τοῖσι δʼ ἀνέστη Νέστωρ, ὅς ῥα Πύλοιο ἄναξ ἦν ἠμαθόεντος, ὅ σφιν ἐὺ φρονέων ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπεν·

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Lines 79–83

were it any other of the Achaeans that told us this dream we might deem it a false thing, and turn away therefrom the more; but now hath he seen it who declares himself to be far the mightiest of the Achaeans. Nay, come then, if in any wise we may arm the sons of the Achaeans.

ὦ φίλοι Ἀργείων ἡγήτορες ἠδὲ μέδοντες εἰ μέν τις τὸν ὄνειρον Ἀχαιῶν ἄλλος ἔνισπε ψεῦδός κεν φαῖμεν καὶ νοσφιζοίμεθα μᾶλλον· νῦν δʼ ἴδεν ὃς μέγʼ ἄριστος Ἀχαιῶν εὔχεται εἶναι· ἀλλʼ ἄγετʼ αἴ κέν πως θωρήξομεν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν.

Lattimore commentary

Nestor’s seconding of the advice is ironic, since Dream took none other than his form (as Agamemnon’s most trusted advisor)—something Agamemnon has explicitly revealed (58). The old warrior takes the opportunity to flatter Agamemnon as “best of the Achaians” while tacitly affirming his own great worth.

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Lines 84–98

and the other sceptred kings rose up thereat and obeyed the shepherd of the host; and the people the while were hastening on. Even as the tribes of thronging bees go forth from some hollow rock, ever coming on afresh, and in clusters over the flowers of spring fly in throngs, some here, some there; even so from the ships and huts before the low sea-beach marched forth in companies their many tribes to the place of gathering. And in their midst blazed forth Rumour, messenger of Zeus, urging them to go; and they were gathered. And the place of gathering was in a turmoil, and the earth groaned beneath them, as the people sate them down, and a din arose. Nine heralds with shouting sought to restrain them, if so be they might refrain from uproar and give ear to the kings, nurtured of Zeus. Hardly at the last were the people made to sit, and were stayed in their places,

ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας βουλῆς ἐξῆρχε νέεσθαι, οἳ δʼ ἐπανέστησαν πείθοντό τε ποιμένι λαῶν σκηπτοῦχοι βασιλῆες· ἐπεσσεύοντο δὲ λαοί. ἠΰτε ἔθνεα εἶσι μελισσάων ἁδινάων πέτρης ἐκ γλαφυρῆς αἰεὶ νέον ἐρχομενάων, βοτρυδὸν δὲ πέτονται ἐπʼ ἄνθεσιν εἰαρινοῖσιν· αἳ μέν τʼ ἔνθα ἅλις πεποτήαται, αἳ δέ τε ἔνθα· ὣς τῶν ἔθνεα πολλὰ νεῶν ἄπο καὶ κλισιάων ἠϊόνος προπάροιθε βαθείης ἐστιχόωντο ἰλαδὸν εἰς ἀγορήν· μετὰ δέ σφισιν ὄσσα δεδήει ὀτρύνουσʼ ἰέναι Διὸς ἄγγελος· οἳ δʼ ἀγέροντο. τετρήχει δʼ ἀγορή, ὑπὸ δὲ στεναχίζετο γαῖα λαῶν ἱζόντων, ὅμαδος δʼ ἦν· ἐννέα δέ σφεας κήρυκες βοόωντες ἐρήτυον, εἴ ποτʼ ἀϋτῆς σχοίατʼ, ἀκούσειαν δὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων.

Lattimore commentary

A vivid, cinematic depiction of mass movement and loud noise. The complex simile echoes sound and scenery, while also bearing thematic overtones: the Greeks first resemble swarming bees (hence dangerous, but numerous, organized, and acting communally).

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Lines 99–109

ceasing from their clamour. Then among them lord Agamemnon uprose, bearing in his hands the sceptre which Hephaestus had wrought with toil. Hephaestus gave it to king Zeus, son of Cronos, and Zeus gave it to the messenger Argeïphontes; and Hermes, the lord, gave it to Pelops, driver of horses, and Pelops in turn gave it to Atreus, shepherd of the host; and Atreus at his death left it to Thyestes, rich in flocks, and Thyestes again left it to Agamemnon to bear, that so he might be lord of many isles and of all Argos.

σπουδῇ δʼ ἕζετο λαός, ἐρήτυθεν δὲ καθʼ ἕδρας παυσάμενοι κλαγγῆς· ἀνὰ δὲ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων ἔστη σκῆπτρον ἔχων τὸ μὲν Ἥφαιστος κάμε τεύχων. Ἥφαιστος μὲν δῶκε Διὶ Κρονίωνι ἄνακτι, αὐτὰρ ἄρα Ζεὺς δῶκε διακτόρῳ ἀργεϊφόντῃ· Ἑρμείας δὲ ἄναξ δῶκεν Πέλοπι πληξίππῳ, αὐτὰρ ὃ αὖτε Πέλοψ δῶκʼ Ἀτρέϊ ποιμένι λαῶν, Ἀτρεὺς δὲ θνῄσκων ἔλιπεν πολύαρνι Θυέστῃ, αὐτὰρ ὃ αὖτε Θυέστʼ Ἀγαμέμνονι λεῖπε φορῆναι, πολλῇσιν νήσοισι καὶ Ἄργεϊ παντὶ ἀνάσσειν. τῷ ὅ γʼ ἐρεισάμενος ἔπεʼ Ἀργείοισι μετηύδα·

Lattimore commentary

Although the other kings have just been described as all “sceptered,” the poet singles out the ancestral scepter of the leader Agamemnon for genealogical digression that increases his stature and ties him to divinity (since the gods made it). The history of the scepter hints at a darker side through the mention of Agamemnon’s family. His father Atreus won the kingship of Mykenai after a dispute with his brother Thyestes; after learning that Thyestes had seduced his wife, Atreus killed, cooked, and served to Thyestes his own children. The son of Thyestes, Aigisthos, will kill Agamemnon (with the aid of Agamemnon’s wife Klytaimestra) on his arrival home. Although none of this sad history is narrated, an audience aware of the myths might think the scepter’s description ironic. Since Agamemnon can lean on the implement (109), it must be long, like a staff or shepherd’s crook: appropriately Atreus has just been named with the formula “shepherd of the people” (105), and Thyestes is called “of the rich flocks” (106).

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Agamemnon to Greeks

Lines 110–141

My friends, Danaan warriors, squires of Ares, great Zeus, son of Cronos, hath ensnared me in grievous blindness of heart, cruel god! seeing that of old he promised me, and bowed his head thereto, that not until I had sacked well-walled Ilios should I get me home; but now hath he planned cruel deceit, and bids me return inglorious to Argos,when I have lost much people. So, I ween, must be the good pleasure of Zeus, supreme in might, who hath laid low the heads of many cities, yea, and shall yet lay low, for his power is above all. A shameful thing is this even for the hearing of men that are yet to be,how that thus vainly so goodly and so great a host of the Achaeans warred a bootless war, and fought with men fewer than they, and no end thereof hath as yet been seen. For should we be minded, both Achaeans and Trojans, to swear a solemn oath with sacrifice, and to number ourselves,and should the Trojans be gathered together, even all they that have dwellings in the city, and we Achaeans be marshalled by tens, and choose, each company of us, a man of the Trojans to pour our wine, then would many tens lack a cup-bearer; so far, I deem, do the sons of the Achaeans outnumber the Trojans that dwell in the city.But allies there be out of many cities, men that wield the spear, who hinder me mightily, and for all that I am fain, suffer me not to sack the well-peopled citadel of Ilios. Already have nine years of great Zeus gone by,and lo, our ships' timbers are rotted, and the tackling loosed; and our wives, I ween, and little children sit in our halls awaiting us; yet is our task wholly unaccomplished in furtherance whereof we came hither. Nay, come, even as I shall bid, let us all obey:let us flee with our ships to our dear native land; for no more is there hope that we shall take broad-wayed Troy. So spake he, and roused the hearts in the breasts of all throughout the multitude, as many as had not heard the council. And the gathering was stirred like the long sea-waves of the Icarian main, when I have lost much people. So, I ween, must be the good pleasure of Zeus, supreme in might, who hath laid low the heads of many cities, yea, and shall yet lay low, for his power is above all. A shameful thing is this even for the hearing of men that are yet to be, how that thus vainly so goodly and so great a host of the Achaeans warred a bootless war, and fought with men fewer than they, and no end thereof hath as yet been seen. For should we be minded, both Achaeans and Trojans, to swear a solemn oath with sacrifice, and to number ourselves, and should the Trojans be gathered together, even all they that have dwellings in the city, and we Achaeans be marshalled by tens, and choose, each company of us, a man of the Trojans to pour our wine, then would many tens lack a cup-bearer; so far, I deem, do the sons of the Achaeans outnumber the Trojans that dwell in the city. But allies there be out of many cities, men that wield the spear, who hinder me mightily, and for all that I am fain, suffer me not to sack the well-peopled citadel of Ilios. Already have nine years of great Zeus gone by, and lo, our ships' timbers are rotted, and the tackling loosed; and our wives, I ween, and little children sit in our halls awaiting us; yet is our task wholly unaccomplished in furtherance whereof we came hither. Nay, come, even as I shall bid, let us all obey: let us flee with our ships to our dear native land; for no more is there hope that we shall take broad-wayed Troy.

ὦ φίλοι ἥρωες Δαναοὶ θεράποντες Ἄρηος Ζεύς με μέγα Κρονίδης ἄτῃ ἐνέδησε βαρείῃ, σχέτλιος, ὃς πρὶν μέν μοι ὑπέσχετο καὶ κατένευσεν Ἴλιον ἐκπέρσαντʼ εὐτείχεον ἀπονέεσθαι, νῦν δὲ κακὴν ἀπάτην βουλεύσατο, καί με κελεύει δυσκλέα Ἄργος ἱκέσθαι, ἐπεὶ πολὺν ὤλεσα λαόν. οὕτω που Διὶ μέλλει ὑπερμενέϊ φίλον εἶναι, ὃς δὴ πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα ἠδʼ ἔτι καὶ λύσει· τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον. αἰσχρὸν γὰρ τόδε γʼ ἐστὶ καὶ ἐσσομένοισι πυθέσθαι μὰψ οὕτω τοιόνδε τοσόνδε τε λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν ἄπρηκτον πόλεμον πολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι ἀνδράσι παυροτέροισι, τέλος δʼ οὔ πώ τι πέφανται· εἴ περ γάρ κʼ ἐθέλοιμεν Ἀχαιοί τε Τρῶές τε ὅρκια πιστὰ ταμόντες ἀριθμηθήμεναι ἄμφω, Τρῶας μὲν λέξασθαι ἐφέστιοι ὅσσοι ἔασιν, ἡμεῖς δʼ ἐς δεκάδας διακοσμηθεῖμεν Ἀχαιοί, Τρώων δʼ ἄνδρα ἕκαστοι ἑλοίμεθα οἰνοχοεύειν, πολλαί κεν δεκάδες δευοίατο οἰνοχόοιο. τόσσον ἐγώ φημι πλέας ἔμμεναι υἷας Ἀχαιῶν Τρώων, οἳ ναίουσι κατὰ πτόλιν· ἀλλʼ ἐπίκουροι πολλέων ἐκ πολίων ἐγχέσπαλοι ἄνδρες ἔασιν, οἵ με μέγα πλάζουσι καὶ οὐκ εἰῶσʼ ἐθέλοντα Ἰλίου ἐκπέρσαι εὖ ναιόμενον πτολίεθρον. ἐννέα δὴ βεβάασι Διὸς μεγάλου ἐνιαυτοί, καὶ δὴ δοῦρα σέσηπε νεῶν καὶ σπάρτα λέλυνται· αἳ δέ που ἡμέτεραί τʼ ἄλοχοι καὶ νήπια τέκνα εἵατʼ ἐνὶ μεγάροις ποτιδέγμεναι· ἄμμι δὲ ἔργον αὔτως ἀκράαντον οὗ εἵνεκα δεῦρʼ ἱκόμεσθα. ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ ὡς ἂν ἐγὼ εἴπω πειθώμεθα πάντες· φεύγωμεν σὺν νηυσὶ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν· οὐ γὰρ ἔτι Τροίην αἱρήσομεν εὐρυάγυιαν.

Lattimore commentary

In his speech pretending to give up, Agamemnon does not hesitate to accuse the chief god of deception and of willing his destruction (atê). Agamemnon’s excuse is that the Greeks could easily outnumber the inhabitants of the citadel of Troy, but cannot make headway against the many allies who have been summoned. The claim (albeit used only in a false speech) protects the commander against complaints that the Greeks badly overestimated their troop strength.

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Odysseus to Leaders Of The Greeks (greek Soldiers)

Lines 142–156

which the East Wind or the South Wind has raised, rushing upon them from the clouds of father Zeus. And even as when the West Wind at its coming stirreth a deep cornfield with its violent blast, and the ears bow thereunder, even so was all their gathering stirred, and they with loud shouting rushed towards the ships; and from beneath their feet the dust arose on high. And they called each one to his fellow to lay hold of the ships and draw them into the bright sea, and they set themselves to clear the launching-ways, and their shouting went up to heaven, so fain were they of their return home; and they began to take the props from beneath the ships. Then would the Argives have accomplished their return even beyond what was ordained, had not Hera spoken a word to Athena, saying: Out upon it, child of Zeus that beareth the aegis, unwearied one! Is it thus indeed that the Argives are to flee to their dear native land over the broad back of the sea?Aye, and they would leave to Priam and the Trojans their boast, even Argive Helen, for whose sake many an Achaean hath perished in Troy, far from his dear native land. But go thou now throughout the host of the brazen-coated Achaeans; with thy gentle words seek thou to restrain every man,neither suffer them to draw into the sea their curved ships. So spake she, and the goddess, flashing-eyed Athene, failed not to hearken. Down from the peaks of Olympus she went darting, and speedily came to the swift ships of the Achaeans. There she found Odysseus, the peer of Zeus in counsel,

ὣς φάτο, τοῖσι δὲ θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ὄρινε πᾶσι μετὰ πληθὺν ὅσοι οὐ βουλῆς ἐπάκουσαν· κινήθη δʼ ἀγορὴ φὴ κύματα μακρὰ θαλάσσης πόντου Ἰκαρίοιο, τὰ μέν τʼ Εὖρός τε Νότος τε ὤρορʼ ἐπαΐξας πατρὸς Διὸς ἐκ νεφελάων. ὡς δʼ ὅτε κινήσῃ Ζέφυρος βαθὺ λήϊον ἐλθὼν λάβρος ἐπαιγίζων, ἐπί τʼ ἠμύει ἀσταχύεσσιν, ὣς τῶν πᾶσʼ ἀγορὴ κινήθη· τοὶ δʼ ἀλαλητῷ νῆας ἔπʼ ἐσσεύοντο, ποδῶν δʼ ὑπένερθε κονίη ἵστατʼ ἀειρομένη· τοὶ δʼ ἀλλήλοισι κέλευον ἅπτεσθαι νηῶν ἠδʼ ἑλκέμεν εἰς ἅλα δῖαν, οὐρούς τʼ ἐξεκάθαιρον· ἀϋτὴ δʼ οὐρανὸν ἷκεν οἴκαδε ἱεμένων· ὑπὸ δʼ ᾕρεον ἕρματα νηῶν. ἔνθά κεν Ἀργείοισιν ὑπέρμορα νόστος ἐτύχθη εἰ μὴ Ἀθηναίην Ἥρη πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπεν·

Lattimore commentary

The technique of relating what would have happened if a more immediate cause had not intervened is often used to heighten dramatic effect, and also lets an audience imagine counterplots. The intervention of Hera and Athene, based on their favoring the Greek side, goes back to their resentment at being rejected in the judgment of Paris, although it is put in the language of fairness and the efforts of the Achaians.

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nostos thumos

Hera to Athena · divine

Lines 157–165

Aye, and they would leave to Priam and the Trojans their boast, even Argive Helen, for whose sake many an Achaean hath perished in Troy, far from his dear native land. But go thou now throughout the host of the brazen-coated Achaeans; with thy gentle words seek thou to restrain every man, neither suffer them to draw into the sea their curved ships.

ὢ πόποι αἰγιόχοιο Διὸς τέκος Ἀτρυτώνη, οὕτω δὴ οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν Ἀργεῖοι φεύξονται ἐπʼ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης, κὰδ δέ κεν εὐχωλὴν Πριάμῳ καὶ Τρωσὶ λίποιεν Ἀργείην Ἑλένην, ἧς εἵνεκα πολλοὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἐν Τροίῃ ἀπόλοντο φίλης ἀπὸ πατρίδος αἴης· ἀλλʼ ἴθι νῦν κατὰ λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων· σοῖς ἀγανοῖς ἐπέεσσιν ἐρήτυε φῶτα ἕκαστον, μηδὲ ἔα νῆας ἅλα δʼ ἑλκέμεν ἀμφιελίσσας.

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Lines 166–172

as he stood. He laid no hand upon his benched, black ship, for that grief had come upon his heart and soul; and flashing-eyed Athene stood near him, and said: Son of Laërtes, sprung from Zeus, Odysseus of many wiles, is it thus indeed that ye will fling yourselveson your benched ships to flee to your dear native land? Aye, and ye would leave to Priam and the Trojans their boast, even Argive Helen, for whose sake many an Achaean hath perished in Troy, far from his dear native land. But go thou now throughout the host of the Achaeans, and hold thee back no more;and with thy gentle words seek thou to restrain every man, neither suffer them to draw into the sea their curved ships. So said she, and he knew the voice of the goddess as she spake, and set him to run, and cast from him his cloak, which his herald gathered up, even Eurybates of Ithaca, that waited on him.

ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη, βῆ δὲ κατʼ Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων ἀΐξασα· καρπαλίμως δʼ ἵκανε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν. εὗρεν ἔπειτʼ Ὀδυσῆα Διὶ μῆτιν ἀτάλαντον ἑσταότʼ· οὐδʼ ὅ γε νηὸς ἐϋσσέλμοιο μελαίνης ἅπτετʼ, ἐπεί μιν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἵκανεν· ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱσταμένη προσέφη γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·

Lattimore commentary

As the Odyssey demonstrates, this hero is Athene’s favorite among mortals. While he is “the equal of Zeus” in cunning intelligence (mêtis), she is the daughter of the goddess who embodies this trait. Zeus swallowed Mêtis, one of his consorts, out of fear that a son greater than himself would come from her; Athene subsequently emerged from his head.

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kradie thumos

Athena to Odysseus · divine

Lines 173–181

on your benched ships to flee to your dear native land? Aye, and ye would leave to Priam and the Trojans their boast, even Argive Helen, for whose sake many an Achaean hath perished in Troy, far from his dear native land. But go thou now throughout the host of the Achaeans, and hold thee back no more; and with thy gentle words seek thou to restrain every man, neither suffer them to draw into the sea their curved ships.

διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ, οὕτω δὴ οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν φεύξεσθʼ ἐν νήεσσι πολυκλήϊσι πεσόντες, κὰδ δέ κεν εὐχωλὴν Πριάμῳ καὶ Τρωσὶ λίποιτε Ἀργείην Ἑλένην, ἧς εἵνεκα πολλοὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἐν Τροίῃ ἀπόλοντο φίλης ἀπὸ πατρίδος αἴης; ἀλλʼ ἴθι νῦν κατὰ λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν, μηδʼ ἔτʼ ἐρώει, σοῖς δʼ ἀγανοῖς ἐπέεσσιν ἐρήτυε φῶτα ἕκαστον, μηδὲ ἔα νῆας ἅλα δʼ ἑλκέμεν ἀμφιελίσσας.

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Lines 182–189

But himself he went straight to Agamemnon, son of Atreus, and received at his hand the staff of his fathers, imperishable ever, and therewith went his way along the ships of the brazen-coated Achaeans.

ὣς φάθʼ, ὃ δὲ ξυνέηκε θεᾶς ὄπα φωνησάσης, βῆ δὲ θέειν, ἀπὸ δὲ χλαῖναν βάλε· τὴν δὲ κόμισσε κῆρυξ Εὐρυβάτης Ἰθακήσιος ὅς οἱ ὀπήδει· αὐτὸς δʼ Ἀτρεΐδεω Ἀγαμέμνονος ἀντίος ἐλθὼν δέξατό οἱ σκῆπτρον πατρώϊον ἄφθιτον αἰεί· σὺν τῷ ἔβη κατὰ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων. ὅν τινα μὲν βασιλῆα καὶ ἔξοχον ἄνδρα κιχείη τὸν δʼ ἀγανοῖς ἐπέεσσιν ἐρητύσασκε παραστάς·

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Lines 190–197

Good Sir, it beseems not to seek to affright thee as if thou were a coward, but do thou thyself sit thee down, and make the rest of thy people to sit. For thou knowest not yet clearly what is the mind of the son of Atreus; now he does but make trial, whereas soon he will smite the sons of the Achaeans. Did we not all hear what he spake in the council?Beware lest waxing wroth he work mischief to the sons of the Achaeans. Proud is the heart of kings, fostered of heaven; for their honour is from Zeus, and Zeus, god of counsel, loveth them. But whatsoever man of the people he saw, and found brawling, him would he smite with his staff; and chide with words, saying, Beware lest waxing wroth he work mischief to the sons of the Achaeans. Proud is the heart of kings, fostered of heaven; for their honour is from Zeus, and Zeus, god of counsel, loveth them.

δαιμόνιʼ οὔ σε ἔοικε κακὸν ὣς δειδίσσεσθαι, ἀλλʼ αὐτός τε κάθησο καὶ ἄλλους ἵδρυε λαούς· οὐ γάρ πω σάφα οἶσθʼ οἷος νόος Ἀτρεΐωνος· νῦν μὲν πειρᾶται, τάχα δʼ ἴψεται υἷας Ἀχαιῶν. ἐν βουλῇ δʼ οὐ πάντες ἀκούσαμεν οἷον ἔειπε. μή τι χολωσάμενος ῥέξῃ κακὸν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν· θυμὸς δὲ μέγας ἐστὶ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων, τιμὴ δʼ ἐκ Διός ἐστι, φιλεῖ δέ ἑ μητίετα Ζεύς.

Lattimore commentary

Honor from Zeus. Odysseus defends the authority of Agamemnon using the same terms that Nestor had used at 1.278–79 and Agamemnon himself used at 1.175.

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noos thumos

Lines 198–199

ὃν δʼ αὖ δήμου τʼ ἄνδρα ἴδοι βοόωντά τʼ ἐφεύροι, τὸν σκήπτρῳ ἐλάσασκεν ὁμοκλήσασκέ τε μύθῳ·

Lattimore commentary

One of few passages where the presence of nonaristocrats in the ranks at Troy is acknowledged. The rhetorical abuse uttered by Odysseus makes them sound useless; his support of “one king” draws attention to his own continuing role in propping up the authority of Agamemnon, while his employment of the scepter to beat objectors ironically contrasts with his exalted claims for the scepter-bearing king.

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Odysseus to Greeks

Lines 200–206

Fellow, sit thou still, and hearken to the words of others that are better men than thou; whereas thou art unwarlike and a weakling, neither to be counted in war nor in counsel. In no wise shall we Achaeans all be kings here. No good thing is a multitude of lords; let there be one lord,one king, to whom the son of crooked-counselling Cronos hath vouchsafed the sceptre and judgments, that he may take counsel for his people. Thus masterfully did he range through the host, and they hasted back to the place of gathering from their ships and huts with noise, as when a wave of the loud-resounding sea one king, to whom the son of crooked-counselling Cronos hath vouchsafed the sceptre and judgments, that he may take counsel for his people.

δαιμόνιʼ ἀτρέμας ἧσο καὶ ἄλλων μῦθον ἄκουε, οἳ σέο φέρτεροί εἰσι, σὺ δʼ ἀπτόλεμος καὶ ἄναλκις οὔτέ ποτʼ ἐν πολέμῳ ἐναρίθμιος οὔτʼ ἐνὶ βουλῇ· οὐ μέν πως πάντες βασιλεύσομεν ἐνθάδʼ Ἀχαιοί· οὐκ ἀγαθὸν πολυκοιρανίη· εἷς κοίρανος ἔστω, εἷς βασιλεύς, ᾧ δῶκε Κρόνου πάϊς ἀγκυλομήτεω σκῆπτρόν τʼ ἠδὲ θέμιστας, ἵνά σφισι βουλεύῃσι.

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Lines 207–221

thundereth on the long beach, and the deep roareth. Now the others sate them down and were stayed in their places, only there still kept chattering on Thersites of measureless speech, whose mind was full of great store of disorderly words, wherewith to utter revilings against the kings, idly, and in no orderly wise, but whatsoever he deemed would raise a laugh among the Argives. Evil-favoured was he beyond all men that came to Ilios: he was bandy-legged and lame in the one foot, and his two shoulders were rounded, stooping together over his chest, and above them his head was warped, and a scant stubble grew thereon. Hateful was he to Achilles above all, and to Odysseus, for it was they twain that he was wont to revile; but now again with shrill cries he uttered abuse against goodly Agamemnon. With him were the Achaeans exceeding wroth, and had indignation in their hearts.

ὣς ὅ γε κοιρανέων δίεπε στρατόν· οἳ δʼ ἀγορὴν δὲ αὖτις ἐπεσσεύοντο νεῶν ἄπο καὶ κλισιάων ἠχῇ, ὡς ὅτε κῦμα πολυφλοίσβοιο θαλάσσης αἰγιαλῷ μεγάλῳ βρέμεται, σμαραγεῖ δέ τε πόντος. ἄλλοι μέν ῥʼ ἕζοντο, ἐρήτυθεν δὲ καθʼ ἕδρας· Θερσίτης δʼ ἔτι μοῦνος ἀμετροεπὴς ἐκολῴα, ὃς ἔπεα φρεσὶν ᾗσιν ἄκοσμά τε πολλά τε ᾔδη μάψ, ἀτὰρ οὐ κατὰ κόσμον, ἐριζέμεναι βασιλεῦσιν, ἀλλʼ ὅ τι οἱ εἴσαιτο γελοίϊον Ἀργείοισιν ἔμμεναι· αἴσχιστος δὲ ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθε· φολκὸς ἔην, χωλὸς δʼ ἕτερον πόδα· τὼ δέ οἱ ὤμω κυρτὼ ἐπὶ στῆθος συνοχωκότε· αὐτὰρ ὕπερθε φοξὸς ἔην κεφαλήν, ψεδνὴ δʼ ἐπενήνοθε λάχνη. ἔχθιστος δʼ Ἀχιλῆϊ μάλιστʼ ἦν ἠδʼ Ὀδυσῆϊ· τὼ γὰρ νεικείεσκε· τότʼ αὖτʼ Ἀγαμέμνονι δίῳ

Lattimore commentary

Thersites, with his store of abusive words, seems to be a forerunner of the satirist. Mocking poetry, called iambos, is attested as early as the seventh century in Greece. His ugliness parallels the quality of his discourse. That his usual targets were the best fighter and best planner in the army, the protagonists respectively of the Iliad and the Odyssey, suggests an old tradition of antiheroic rhetoric shadowing aristocratic epic traditions. Thersites repeats and amplifies the complaints of Achilleus in book 1 concerning Agamemnon’s rapacity and injustice. The audience may know the story of Thersites’ eventual death (narrated in the Aithiopis, an archaic continuation of the Iliad narrative): he will be slain by Achilleus for mocking him about his alleged love for the Amazon woman and Trojan ally Penthesileia.

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Lines 222–224

ὀξέα κεκλήγων λέγʼ ὀνείδεα· τῷ δʼ ἄρʼ Ἀχαιοὶ ἐκπάγλως κοτέοντο νεμέσσηθέν τʼ ἐνὶ θυμῷ. αὐτὰρ ὃ μακρὰ βοῶν Ἀγαμέμνονα νείκεε μύθῳ·

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Thersites to Agamemnon

Lines 225–242

Son of Atreus, with what art thou now again discontent, or what lack is thine? Filled are thy huts with bronze, and women full many are in thy huts, chosen spoils that we Achaeans give thee first of all, whensoe'er we take a citadel. Or dost thou still want gold also,which some man of the horse-taming Trojans shall bring thee out of Ilios as a ransom for his son, whom I haply have bound and led away or some other of the Achaeans? Or is it some young girl for thee to know in love, whom thou wilt keep apart for thyself? Nay, it beseemeth not one that is their captain to bring to ill the sons of the Achaeans.Soft fools! base things of shame, ye women of Achaea, men no more, homeward let us go with our ships, and leave this fellow here in the land of Troy to digest his prizes, that so he may learn whether in us too there is aught of aid for him or no—for him that hath now done dishonour to Achilles, a man better far than he;for he hath taken away, and keepeth his prize by his own arrogant act. Of a surety there is naught of wrath in the heart of Achilles; nay, he heedeth not at all; else, son of Atreus, wouldest thou now work insolence for the last time. So spake Thersites, railing at Agamemnon, shepherd of the host. But quickly to his side came goodly Odysseus, which some man of the horse-taming Trojans shall bring thee out of Ilios as a ransom for his son, whom I haply have bound and led away or some other of the Achaeans? Or is it some young girl for thee to know in love, whom thou wilt keep apart for thyself? Nay, it beseemeth not one that is their captain to bring to ill the sons of the Achaeans. Soft fools! base things of shame, ye women of Achaea, men no more, homeward let us go with our ships, and leave this fellow here in the land of Troy to digest his prizes, that so he may learn whether in us too there is aught of aid for him or no—for him that hath now done dishonour to Achilles, a man better far than he; for he hath taken away, and keepeth his prize by his own arrogant act. Of a surety there is naught of wrath in the heart of Achilles; nay, he heedeth not at all; else, son of Atreus, wouldest thou now work insolence for the last time.

Ἀτρεΐδη τέο δʼ αὖτʼ ἐπιμέμφεαι ἠδὲ χατίζεις; πλεῖαί τοι χαλκοῦ κλισίαι, πολλαὶ δὲ γυναῖκες εἰσὶν ἐνὶ κλισίῃς ἐξαίρετοι, ἅς τοι Ἀχαιοὶ πρωτίστῳ δίδομεν εὖτʼ ἂν πτολίεθρον ἕλωμεν. ἦ ἔτι καὶ χρυσοῦ ἐπιδεύεαι, ὅν κέ τις οἴσει Τρώων ἱπποδάμων ἐξ Ἰλίου υἷος ἄποινα, ὅν κεν ἐγὼ δήσας ἀγάγω ἢ ἄλλος Ἀχαιῶν, ἠὲ γυναῖκα νέην, ἵνα μίσγεαι ἐν φιλότητι, ἥν τʼ αὐτὸς ἀπονόσφι κατίσχεαι; οὐ μὲν ἔοικεν ἀρχὸν ἐόντα κακῶν ἐπιβασκέμεν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν. ὦ πέπονες κάκʼ ἐλέγχεʼ Ἀχαιΐδες οὐκέτʼ Ἀχαιοὶ οἴκαδέ περ σὺν νηυσὶ νεώμεθα, τόνδε δʼ ἐῶμεν αὐτοῦ ἐνὶ Τροίῃ γέρα πεσσέμεν, ὄφρα ἴδηται ἤ ῥά τί οἱ χἠμεῖς προσαμύνομεν ἦε καὶ οὐκί· ὃς καὶ νῦν Ἀχιλῆα ἕο μέγʼ ἀμείνονα φῶτα ἠτίμησεν· ἑλὼν γὰρ ἔχει γέρας αὐτὸς ἀπούρας. ἀλλὰ μάλʼ οὐκ Ἀχιλῆϊ χόλος φρεσίν, ἀλλὰ μεθήμων· ἦ γὰρ ἂν Ἀτρεΐδη νῦν ὕστατα λωβήσαιο·

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Lines 243–245

and with an angry glance from beneath his brows, chid him with harsh words, saying: Thersites of reckless speech, clear-voiced talker though thou art, refrain thee, and be not minded to strive singly against kings. For I deem that there is no viler mortal than thou amongst all those that with the sons of Atreus came beneath Ilios.Wherefore 'twere well thou shouldst not take the name of kings in thy mouth as thou protest, to cast reproaches upon them, and to watch for home-going. In no wise do we know clearly as yet how these things are to be, whether it be for good or ill that we sons of the Achaeans shall return. Therefore dost thou now continually utter revilings against Atreus' son, Agamemnon, shepherd of the host,for that the Danaan warriors give him gifts full many; whereas thou pratest on with railings. But I will speak out to thee, and this word shall verily be brought to pass: if I find thee again playing the fool, even as now thou dost, then may the head of Odysseus abide no more upon his shoulders,nor may I any more be called the father of Telemachus, if I take thee not, and strip off thy raiment, thy cloak, and thy tunic that cover thy nakedness, and for thyself send thee wailing to the swift ships, beaten forth from the place of gathering with shameful blows.

ὣς φάτο νεικείων Ἀγαμέμνονα ποιμένα λαῶν, Θερσίτης· τῷ δʼ ὦκα παρίστατο δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς, καί μιν ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν χαλεπῷ ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ·

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Odysseus to Thersites

Lines 246–264

Wherefore 'twere well thou shouldst not take the name of kings in thy mouth as thou protest, to cast reproaches upon them, and to watch for home-going. In no wise do we know clearly as yet how these things are to be, whether it be for good or ill that we sons of the Achaeans shall return. Therefore dost thou now continually utter revilings against Atreus' son, Agamemnon, shepherd of the host, for that the Danaan warriors give him gifts full many; whereas thou pratest on with railings. But I will speak out to thee, and this word shall verily be brought to pass: if I find thee again playing the fool, even as now thou dost, then may the head of Odysseus abide no more upon his shoulders, nor may I any more be called the father of Telemachus, if I take thee not, and strip off thy raiment, thy cloak, and thy tunic that cover thy nakedness, and for thyself send thee wailing to the swift ships, beaten forth from the place of gathering with shameful blows.

Θερσῖτʼ ἀκριτόμυθε, λιγύς περ ἐὼν ἀγορητής, ἴσχεο, μηδʼ ἔθελʼ οἶος ἐριζέμεναι βασιλεῦσιν· οὐ γὰρ ἐγὼ σέο φημὶ χερειότερον βροτὸν ἄλλον ἔμμεναι, ὅσσοι ἅμʼ Ἀτρεΐδῃς ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθον. τὼ οὐκ ἂν βασιλῆας ἀνὰ στόμʼ ἔχων ἀγορεύοις, καί σφιν ὀνείδεά τε προφέροις, νόστόν τε φυλάσσοις. οὐδέ τί πω σάφα ἴδμεν ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα, ἢ εὖ ἦε κακῶς νοστήσομεν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν. τὼ νῦν Ἀτρεΐδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονι ποιμένι λαῶν ἧσαι ὀνειδίζων, ὅτι οἱ μάλα πολλὰ διδοῦσιν ἥρωες Δαναοί· σὺ δὲ κερτομέων ἀγορεύεις. ἀλλʼ ἔκ τοι ἐρέω, τὸ δὲ καὶ τετελεσμένον ἔσται· εἴ κʼ ἔτι σʼ ἀφραίνοντα κιχήσομαι ὥς νύ περ ὧδε, μηκέτʼ ἔπειτʼ Ὀδυσῆϊ κάρη ὤμοισιν ἐπείη, μηδʼ ἔτι Τηλεμάχοιο πατὴρ κεκλημένος εἴην, εἰ μὴ ἐγώ σε λαβὼν ἀπὸ μὲν φίλα εἵματα δύσω, χλαῖνάν τʼ ἠδὲ χιτῶνα, τά τʼ αἰδῶ ἀμφικαλύπτει, αὐτὸν δὲ κλαίοντα θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας ἀφήσω πεπλήγων ἀγορῆθεν ἀεικέσσι πληγῇσιν.

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nostos

Lines 265–271

So spake Odysseus, and with his staff smote his back and shoulders; and Thersites cowered down, and a big tear fell from him, and a bloody weal rose up on his back beneath the staff of gold. Then he sate him down, and fear came upon him, and stung by pain with helpless looks he wiped away the tear. But the Achaeans, sore vexed at heart though they were, broke into a merry laugh at him, and thus would one speak with a glance at his neighbour: Out upon it! verily hath Odysseus ere now wrought good deeds without number as leader in good counsel and setting battle in army, but now is this deed far the best that he hath wrought among the Argives,seeing he hath made this scurrilous babbler to cease from his prating. Never again, I ween, will his proud spirit henceforth set him on to rail at kings with words of reviling. So spake the multitude; but up rose Odysseus, sacker of cities, the sceptre in his hand, and by his side flashing-eyed Athene,

ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη, σκήπτρῳ δὲ μετάφρενον ἠδὲ καὶ ὤμω πλῆξεν· ὃ δʼ ἰδνώθη, θαλερὸν δέ οἱ ἔκπεσε δάκρυ· σμῶδιξ δʼ αἱματόεσσα μεταφρένου ἐξυπανέστη σκήπτρου ὕπο χρυσέου· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ ἕζετο τάρβησέν τε, ἀλγήσας δʼ ἀχρεῖον ἰδὼν ἀπομόρξατο δάκρυ. οἳ δὲ καὶ ἀχνύμενοί περ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ ἡδὺ γέλασσαν· ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκεν ἰδὼν ἐς πλησίον ἄλλον·

Lattimore commentary

Recording the reaction by anonymous members of the crowd creates a sense of immediacy and closeness to the action, as well as producing an apparent majority opinion. That Odysseus’ threats and assault please so many among the fighters deepens the time dimension, helping the audience imagine the previous duration of Thersites’ annoying behavior.

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Greeks to Greeks

Lines 272–277

seeing he hath made this scurrilous babbler to cease from his prating. Never again, I ween, will his proud spirit henceforth set him on to rail at kings with words of reviling.

ὢ πόποι ἦ δὴ μυρίʼ Ὀδυσσεὺς ἐσθλὰ ἔοργε βουλάς τʼ ἐξάρχων ἀγαθὰς πόλεμόν τε κορύσσων· νῦν δὲ τόδε μέγʼ ἄριστον ἐν Ἀργείοισιν ἔρεξεν, ὃς τὸν λωβητῆρα ἐπεσβόλον ἔσχʼ ἀγοράων. οὔ θήν μιν πάλιν αὖτις ἀνήσει θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ νεικείειν βασιλῆας ὀνειδείοις ἐπέεσσιν.

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Lines 278–283

in the likeness of a herald, bade the host keep silence, that the sons of the Achaeans, both the nearest and the farthest, might hear his words, and lay to heart his counsel. He with good intent addressed their gathering and spake among them: Son of Atreus, now verily are the Achaeans minded to make thee, O king,the most despised among all mortal men, nor will they fulfill the promise that they made to thee, while faring hitherward from Argos, the pasture-land of horses, that not until thou hadst sacked well-walled Ilios shouldest thou get thee home. For like little children or widow womendo they wail each to the other in longing to return home. Verily there is toil enough to make a man return disheartened. For he that abideth but one single month far from his wife in his benched ship hath vexation of heart, even he whom winter blasts and surging seas keep afar;but for us is the ninth year at its turn, while we abide here; wherefore I count it not shame that the Achaeans have vexation of heart beside their beaked ships; yet even so it is a shameful thing to tarry long, and return empty. Endure, my friends, and abide for a time, that we may knowwhether the prophecies of Calchas be true, or no.

ὣς φάσαν ἣ πληθύς· ἀνὰ δʼ ὃ πτολίπορθος Ὀδυσσεὺς ἔστη σκῆπτρον ἔχων· παρὰ δὲ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη εἰδομένη κήρυκι σιωπᾶν λαὸν ἀνώγει, ὡς ἅμα θʼ οἳ πρῶτοί τε καὶ ὕστατοι υἷες Ἀχαιῶν μῦθον ἀκούσειαν καὶ ἐπιφρασσαίατο βουλήν· ὅ σφιν ἐὺ φρονέων ἀγορήσατο καὶ μετέειπεν·

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Odysseus to Greeks

Lines 284–332

the most despised among all mortal men, nor will they fulfill the promise that they made to thee, while faring hitherward from Argos, the pasture-land of horses, that not until thou hadst sacked well-walled Ilios shouldest thou get thee home. For like little children or widow women do they wail each to the other in longing to return home. Verily there is toil enough to make a man return disheartened. For he that abideth but one single month far from his wife in his benched ship hath vexation of heart, even he whom winter blasts and surging seas keep afar; but for us is the ninth year at its turn, while we abide here; wherefore I count it not shame that the Achaeans have vexation of heart beside their beaked ships; yet even so it is a shameful thing to tarry long, and return empty. Endure, my friends, and abide for a time, that we may know whether the prophecies of Calchas be true, or no. and we round about a spring were offering to the immortals upon the holy altars hecatombs that bring fulfillment, beneath a fair plane-tree from whence flowed the bright water; then appeared a great portent: a serpent, blood-red on the back, terrible, whom the Olympian himself had sent forth to the light, glided from beneath the altar and darted to the plane-tree. Now upon this were the younglings of a sparrow, tender little ones, on the topmost bough, cowering beneath the leaves, eight in all, and the mother that bare them was the ninth, Then the serpent devoured them as they twittered piteously, and the mother fluttered around them, wailing for her dear little ones; howbeit he coiled himself and caught her by the wing as she screamed about him. But when he had devoured the sparrow's little ones and the mother with them, the god, who had brought him to the light, made him to be unseen; for the son of crooked-counselling Cronos turned him to stone; and we stood there and marveled at what was wrought. So, when the dread portent brake in upon the hecatombs of the gods, then straightway did Calchas prophesy, and address our gathering, saying: 'Why are ye thus silent, ye long-haired Achaeans? To us hath Zeus the counsellor shewed this great sign, late in coming, late in fulfillment, the fame whereof shall never perish. Even as this serpent devoured the sparrow's little ones and the mother with them—the eight, and the mother that bare them was the ninth—so shall we war there for so many years, but in the tenth shall we take the broad-wayed city.' On this wise spake Calchas, and now all this is verily being brought to pass. Nay, come, abide ye all, ye well-greaved Achaeans, even where ye are, until we take the great city of Priam.

Ἀτρεΐδη νῦν δή σε ἄναξ ἐθέλουσιν Ἀχαιοὶ πᾶσιν ἐλέγχιστον θέμεναι μερόπεσσι βροτοῖσιν, οὐδέ τοι ἐκτελέουσιν ὑπόσχεσιν ἥν περ ὑπέσταν ἐνθάδʼ ἔτι στείχοντες ἀπʼ Ἄργεος ἱπποβότοιο Ἴλιον ἐκπέρσαντʼ εὐτείχεον ἀπονέεσθαι. ὥς τε γὰρ ἢ παῖδες νεαροὶ χῆραί τε γυναῖκες ἀλλήλοισιν ὀδύρονται οἶκον δὲ νέεσθαι. ἦ μὴν καὶ πόνος ἐστὶν ἀνιηθέντα νέεσθαι· καὶ γάρ τίς θʼ ἕνα μῆνα μένων ἀπὸ ἧς ἀλόχοιο ἀσχαλάᾳ σὺν νηῒ πολυζύγῳ, ὅν περ ἄελλαι χειμέριαι εἰλέωσιν ὀρινομένη τε θάλασσα· ἡμῖν δʼ εἴνατός ἐστι περιτροπέων ἐνιαυτὸς ἐνθάδε μιμνόντεσσι· τὼ οὐ νεμεσίζομʼ Ἀχαιοὺς ἀσχαλάαν παρὰ νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔμπης αἰσχρόν τοι δηρόν τε μένειν κενεόν τε νέεσθαι. τλῆτε φίλοι, καὶ μείνατʼ ἐπὶ χρόνον ὄφρα δαῶμεν ἢ ἐτεὸν Κάλχας μαντεύεται ἦε καὶ οὐκί. εὖ γὰρ δὴ τόδε ἴδμεν ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἐστὲ δὲ πάντες μάρτυροι, οὓς μὴ κῆρες ἔβαν θανάτοιο φέρουσαι· χθιζά τε καὶ πρωΐζʼ ὅτʼ ἐς Αὐλίδα νῆες Ἀχαιῶν ἠγερέθοντο κακὰ Πριάμῳ καὶ Τρωσὶ φέρουσαι, ἡμεῖς δʼ ἀμφὶ περὶ κρήνην ἱεροὺς κατὰ βωμοὺς ἕρδομεν ἀθανάτοισι τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας καλῇ ὑπὸ πλατανίστῳ ὅθεν ῥέεν ἀγλαὸν ὕδωρ· ἔνθʼ ἐφάνη μέγα σῆμα· δράκων ἐπὶ νῶτα δαφοινὸς σμερδαλέος, τόν ῥʼ αὐτὸς Ὀλύμπιος ἧκε φόως δέ, βωμοῦ ὑπαΐξας πρός ῥα πλατάνιστον ὄρουσεν. ἔνθα δʼ ἔσαν στρουθοῖο νεοσσοί, νήπια τέκνα, ὄζῳ ἐπʼ ἀκροτάτῳ πετάλοις ὑποπεπτηῶτες ὀκτώ, ἀτὰρ μήτηρ ἐνάτη ἦν ἣ τέκε τέκνα· ἔνθʼ ὅ γε τοὺς ἐλεεινὰ κατήσθιε τετριγῶτας· μήτηρ δʼ ἀμφεποτᾶτο ὀδυρομένη φίλα τέκνα· τὴν δʼ ἐλελιξάμενος πτέρυγος λάβεν ἀμφιαχυῖαν. αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατὰ τέκνα φάγε στρουθοῖο καὶ αὐτήν, τὸν μὲν ἀρίζηλον θῆκεν θεὸς ὅς περ ἔφηνε· λᾶαν γάρ μιν ἔθηκε Κρόνου πάϊς ἀγκυλομήτεω· ἡμεῖς δʼ ἑσταότες θαυμάζομεν οἷον ἐτύχθη. ὡς οὖν δεινὰ πέλωρα θεῶν εἰσῆλθʼ ἑκατόμβας, Κάλχας δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτα θεοπροπέων ἀγόρευε· τίπτʼ ἄνεῳ ἐγένεσθε κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαιοί; ἡμῖν μὲν τόδʼ ἔφηνε τέρας μέγα μητίετα Ζεὺς ὄψιμον ὀψιτέλεστον, ὅου κλέος οὔ ποτʼ ὀλεῖται. ὡς οὗτος κατὰ τέκνα φάγε στρουθοῖο καὶ αὐτὴν ὀκτώ, ἀτὰρ μήτηρ ἐνάτη ἦν ἣ τέκε τέκνα, ὣς ἡμεῖς τοσσαῦτʼ ἔτεα πτολεμίξομεν αὖθι, τῷ δεκάτῳ δὲ πόλιν αἱρήσομεν εὐρυάγυιαν. κεῖνος τὼς ἀγόρευε· τὰ δὴ νῦν πάντα τελεῖται. ἀλλʼ ἄγε μίμνετε πάντες ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοὶ αὐτοῦ εἰς ὅ κεν ἄστυ μέγα Πριάμοιο ἕλωμεν.

Lattimore commentary

Odysseus’ rhetorical technique is to induce guilt in the Greeks by blaming them for not keeping their own promises (rather than by doubting Zeus). After showing his sympathy for the sufferings of his audience (292), he vividly evokes the portent interpreted by Kalchas and rouses the troops with his conclusion that the prophesied time has come.

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phren tlao

Lines 333–336

as they praised the words of godlike Odysseus.

ὣς ἔφατʼ, Ἀργεῖοι δὲ μέγʼ ἴαχον, ἀμφὶ δὲ νῆες σμερδαλέον κονάβησαν ἀϋσάντων ὑπʼ Ἀχαιῶν, μῦθον ἐπαινήσαντες Ὀδυσσῆος θείοιο· τοῖσι δὲ καὶ μετέειπε Γερήνιος ἱππότα Νέστωρ·

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Nestor to Greeks

Lines 337–368

Nay, into the fire let us cast all counsels and plans of warriors, the drink-offerings of unmixed wine, and the hand-clasps wherein we put our trust. For vainly do we wrangle with words, nor can we find any device at all, for all our long-tarrying here. Son of Atreus, do thou as of old keep unbending purpose, and be leader of the Argives throughout stubborn fights; and for these, let them perish, the one or two of the Achaeans, that take secret counsel apart—yet no accomplishment shall come therefrom—to depart first to Argos or ever we have learned whether the promise of Zeus that beareth the aegis be a lie or no. For I declare that Cronos' son, supreme in might, gave promise with his nod on that day when the Argives went on board their swift-faring ships, bearing unto the Trojans death and fate; for he lightened on our right and shewed forth signs of good. Wherefore let no man make haste to depart homewards until each have lain with the wife of some Trojan, and have got him requital for his strivings and groanings for Helen's sake.1 Howbeit, if any man is exceeding fain to depart homewards, let him lay his hand upon his black, well-benched ship, that before the face of all he may meet death and fate. But do thou, O King, thyself take good counsel, and hearken to another; the word whatsoever I speak, shalt thou not lightly cast aside. Separate thy men by tribes, by clans, Agamemnon, that clan may bear aid to clan and tribe to tribe. If thou do thus, and the Achaeans obey thee, thou wilt know then who among thy captains is a coward, and who among thy men, and who too is brave; for they will fight each clan for itself.2 So shalt thou know whether it is even by the will of heaven that thou shalt not take the city, or by the cowardice of thy folk and their witlessness in war.

ὦ πόποι ἦ δὴ παισὶν ἐοικότες ἀγοράασθε νηπιάχοις οἷς οὔ τι μέλει πολεμήϊα ἔργα. πῇ δὴ συνθεσίαι τε καὶ ὅρκια βήσεται ἥμιν; ἐν πυρὶ δὴ βουλαί τε γενοίατο μήδεά τʼ ἀνδρῶν σπονδαί τʼ ἄκρητοι καὶ δεξιαί, ᾗς ἐπέπιθμεν· αὔτως γὰρ ἐπέεσσʼ ἐριδαίνομεν, οὐδέ τι μῆχος εὑρέμεναι δυνάμεσθα, πολὺν χρόνον ἐνθάδʼ ἐόντες. Ἀτρεΐδη σὺ δʼ ἔθʼ ὡς πρὶν ἔχων ἀστεμφέα βουλὴν ἄρχευʼ Ἀργείοισι κατὰ κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας, τούσδε δʼ ἔα φθινύθειν ἕνα καὶ δύο, τοί κεν Ἀχαιῶν νόσφιν βουλεύωσʼ· ἄνυσις δʼ οὐκ ἔσσεται αὐτῶν· πρὶν Ἄργος δʼ ἰέναι πρὶν καὶ Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο γνώμεναι εἴ τε ψεῦδος ὑπόσχεσις εἴ τε καὶ οὐκί. φημὶ γὰρ οὖν κατανεῦσαι ὑπερμενέα Κρονίωνα ἤματι τῷ ὅτε νηυσὶν ἐν ὠκυπόροισιν ἔβαινον Ἀργεῖοι Τρώεσσι φόνον καὶ κῆρα φέροντες ἀστράπτων ἐπιδέξιʼ ἐναίσιμα σήματα φαίνων. τὼ μή τις πρὶν ἐπειγέσθω οἶκον δὲ νέεσθαι πρίν τινα πὰρ Τρώων ἀλόχῳ κατακοιμηθῆναι, τίσασθαι δʼ Ἑλένης ὁρμήματά τε στοναχάς τε. εἰ δέ τις ἐκπάγλως ἐθέλει οἶκον δὲ νέεσθαι ἁπτέσθω ἧς νηὸς ἐϋσσέλμοιο μελαίνης, ὄφρα πρόσθʼ ἄλλων θάνατον καὶ πότμον ἐπίσπῃ. ἀλλὰ ἄναξ αὐτός τʼ εὖ μήδεο πείθεό τʼ ἄλλῳ· οὔ τοι ἀπόβλητον ἔπος ἔσσεται ὅττί κεν εἴπω· κρῖνʼ ἄνδρας κατὰ φῦλα κατὰ φρήτρας Ἀγάμεμνον, ὡς φρήτρη φρήτρηφιν ἀρήγῃ, φῦλα δὲ φύλοις. εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἕρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθʼ ὅς θʼ ἡγεμόνων κακὸς ὅς τέ νυ λαῶν ἠδʼ ὅς κʼ ἐσθλὸς ἔῃσι· κατὰ σφέας γὰρ μαχέονται. γνώσεαι δʼ εἰ καὶ θεσπεσίῃ πόλιν οὐκ ἀλαπάξεις, ἦ ἀνδρῶν κακότητι καὶ ἀφραδίῃ πολέμοιο.

Lattimore commentary

Nestor’s complementary advice centers on an intellectual aspect of the struggle, as if the whole war is an experiment: only by staying will the Greeks learn about Zeus’ trustworthiness or their own capacities (367). His counsel regarding the order of battle seems more suited to the fighters of an established city-state: Athenian life was organized along lines of clan (phrêtrai: literally “brotherhood”) and tribe (phula). The old warrior’s commonsensical words about organization chillingly mark his encouragement as well (355) that the victorious army commit mass rape.

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Agamemnon to Apollo/athena/greeks/nestor/zeus

Lines 369

τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων·

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Lines 370–393

Aye verily once more, old sir, art thou pre-eminent in speech above the sons of the Achaeans. I would, O father Zeus and Athene and Apollo, that I had ten such counsellors; then would the city of king Priam forthwith bow her head, taken and laid waste beneath our hands.But the son of Cronos, even Zeus that beareth the aegis, hath brought sorrows upon me, in that he casteth me into the midst of fruitless strifes and wranglings. For verily I and Achilles fought about a girl with violent words, and it was I that waxed wroth the first; but if e'er we shall be at one in counsel,then shall there no more be any putting off of evil for the Trojans, no not for an instant. But for this present go ye to your meal, that we may join battle. Let every man whet well his spear and bestow well his shield, and let him well give to his swift-footed horses their food, and look well to his chariot on every side, and bethink him of fighting;that the whole day through we may contend in hateful war. For of respite shall there intervene, no, not a whit, until night at its coming shall part the fury of warriors. Wet with sweat about the breast of many a man shall be the baldric of his sheltering shield, and about the spear shall his hand grow weary,and wet with sweat shall a man's horse be, as he tugs at the polished car. But whomsoever I shall see minded to tarry apart from the fight beside the beaked ships, for him shall there be no hope thereafter to escape the dogs and birds. So spake he, and the Argives shouted aloud as a wave against a high headland, But the son of Cronos, even Zeus that beareth the aegis, hath brought sorrows upon me, in that he casteth me into the midst of fruitless strifes and wranglings. For verily I and Achilles fought about a girl with violent words, and it was I that waxed wroth the first; but if e'er we shall be at one in counsel, then shall there no more be any putting off of evil for the Trojans, no not for an instant. But for this present go ye to your meal, that we may join battle. Let every man whet well his spear and bestow well his shield, and let him well give to his swift-footed horses their food, and look well to his chariot on every side, and bethink him of fighting; that the whole day through we may contend in hateful war. For of respite shall there intervene, no, not a whit, until night at its coming shall part the fury of warriors. Wet with sweat about the breast of many a man shall be the baldric of his sheltering shield, and about the spear shall his hand grow weary, and wet with sweat shall a man's horse be, as he tugs at the polished car. But whomsoever I shall see minded to tarry apart from the fight beside the beaked ships, for him shall there be no hope thereafter to escape the dogs and birds.

ἦ μὰν αὖτʼ ἀγορῇ νικᾷς γέρον υἷας Ἀχαιῶν. αἲ γὰρ Ζεῦ τε πάτερ καὶ Ἀθηναίη καὶ Ἄπολλον τοιοῦτοι δέκα μοι συμφράδμονες εἶεν Ἀχαιῶν· τώ κε τάχʼ ἠμύσειε πόλις Πριάμοιο ἄνακτος χερσὶν ὑφʼ ἡμετέρῃσιν ἁλοῦσά τε περθομένη τε. ἀλλά μοι αἰγίοχος Κρονίδης Ζεὺς ἄλγεʼ ἔδωκεν, ὅς με μετʼ ἀπρήκτους ἔριδας καὶ νείκεα βάλλει. καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼν Ἀχιλεύς τε μαχεσσάμεθʼ εἵνεκα κούρης ἀντιβίοις ἐπέεσσιν, ἐγὼ δʼ ἦρχον χαλεπαίνων· εἰ δέ ποτʼ ἔς γε μίαν βουλεύσομεν, οὐκέτʼ ἔπειτα Τρωσὶν ἀνάβλησις κακοῦ ἔσσεται οὐδʼ ἠβαιόν. νῦν δʼ ἔρχεσθʼ ἐπὶ δεῖπνον ἵνα ξυνάγωμεν Ἄρηα. εὖ μέν τις δόρυ θηξάσθω, εὖ δʼ ἀσπίδα θέσθω, εὖ δέ τις ἵπποισιν δεῖπνον δότω ὠκυπόδεσσιν, εὖ δέ τις ἅρματος ἀμφὶς ἰδὼν πολέμοιο μεδέσθω, ὥς κε πανημέριοι στυγερῷ κρινώμεθʼ Ἄρηϊ. οὐ γὰρ παυσωλή γε μετέσσεται οὐδʼ ἠβαιὸν εἰ μὴ νὺξ ἐλθοῦσα διακρινέει μένος ἀνδρῶν. ἱδρώσει μέν τευ τελαμὼν ἀμφὶ στήθεσφιν ἀσπίδος ἀμφιβρότης, περὶ δʼ ἔγχεϊ χεῖρα καμεῖται· ἱδρώσει δέ τευ ἵππος ἐΰξοον ἅρμα τιταίνων. ὃν δέ κʼ ἐγὼν ἀπάνευθε μάχης ἐθέλοντα νοήσω μιμνάζειν παρὰ νηυσὶ κορωνίσιν, οὔ οἱ ἔπειτα ἄρκιον ἐσσεῖται φυγέειν κύνας ἠδʼ οἰωνούς.

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algea menos

Lines 394–408

when the South Wind cometh and maketh it to swell—even against a jutting crag that is never left by the waves of all the winds that come from this side or from that. And they arose and hasted to scatter among the ships, and made fires in the huts, and took their meal. And they made sacrifice one to one of the gods that are for ever, and one to another, with the prayer that they might escape from death and the toil of war. But Agamemnon, king of men, slew a fat bull of five years to the son of Cronos, supreme in might, and let call the elders, the chieftains of the Achaean host, Nestor, first of all, and king Idomeneus, and thereafter the twain Aiantes and the son of Tydeus, and as the sixth Odysseus, the peer of Zeus in counsel. And unbidden came to him Menelaus, good at the war-cry,1 for he knew in his heart wherewith his brother was busied.

ὣς ἔφατʼ, Ἀργεῖοι δὲ μέγʼ ἴαχον ὡς ὅτε κῦμα ἀκτῇ ἐφʼ ὑψηλῇ, ὅτε κινήσῃ Νότος ἐλθών, προβλῆτι σκοπέλῳ· τὸν δʼ οὔ ποτε κύματα λείπει παντοίων ἀνέμων, ὅτʼ ἂν ἔνθʼ ἢ ἔνθα γένωνται. ἀνστάντες δʼ ὀρέοντο κεδασθέντες κατὰ νῆας, κάπνισσάν τε κατὰ κλισίας, καὶ δεῖπνον ἕλοντο. ἄλλος δʼ ἄλλῳ ἔρεζε θεῶν αἰειγενετάων εὐχόμενος θάνατόν τε φυγεῖν καὶ μῶλον Ἄρηος. αὐτὰρ ὃ βοῦν ἱέρευσε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων πίονα πενταέτηρον ὑπερμενέϊ Κρονίωνι, κίκλησκεν δὲ γέροντας ἀριστῆας Παναχαιῶν, Νέστορα μὲν πρώτιστα καὶ Ἰδομενῆα ἄνακτα, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτʼ Αἴαντε δύω καὶ Τυδέος υἱόν, ἕκτον δʼ αὖτʼ Ὀδυσῆα Διὶ μῆτιν ἀτάλαντον. αὐτόματος δέ οἱ ἦλθε βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος·

Lattimore commentary

The list of seven counselors is a good guide to those who will be prominent in the coming battle. The chief commander’s role as chief sacrificer and provider of meat and wine undergirds his power, especially as it must involve awarding portions according to his view of his warriors’ prowess.

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Lines 409–411

About the bull they stood and took up the barley grains, and in prayer lord Agamemnon spake among them, saying. Zeus, most glorious, most great, lord of the dark clouds, that dwellest in the heaven, grant that the sun set not, neither darkness come upon us, until I have cast down in headlong ruin the hall of Priam, blackened with smoke,and have burned with consuming fire the portals thereof, and cloven about the breast of Hector his tunic, rent with the bronze; and in throngs may his comrades round about him fall headlong in the dust, and bite the earth.

ᾔδεε γὰρ κατὰ θυμὸν ἀδελφεὸν ὡς ἐπονεῖτο. βοῦν δὲ περιστήσαντο καὶ οὐλοχύτας ἀνέλοντο· τοῖσιν δʼ εὐχόμενος μετέφη κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων·

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Agamemnon to Zeus

Lines 412–418

and have burned with consuming fire the portals thereof, and cloven about the breast of Hector his tunic, rent with the bronze; and in throngs may his comrades round about him fall headlong in the dust, and bite the earth.

Ζεῦ κύδιστε μέγιστε κελαινεφὲς αἰθέρι ναίων μὴ πρὶν ἐπʼ ἠέλιον δῦναι καὶ ἐπὶ κνέφας ἐλθεῖν πρίν με κατὰ πρηνὲς βαλέειν Πριάμοιο μέλαθρον αἰθαλόεν, πρῆσαι δὲ πυρὸς δηΐοιο θύρετρα, Ἑκτόρεον δὲ χιτῶνα περὶ στήθεσσι δαΐξαι χαλκῷ ῥωγαλέον· πολέες δʼ ἀμφʼ αὐτὸν ἑταῖροι πρηνέες ἐν κονίῃσιν ὀδὰξ λαζοίατο γαῖαν.

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Lines 419–433

nay, he accepted the sacrifice, but toil he made to wax unceasingly. Then, when they had prayed and had sprinkled the barley grains, they first drew back the victims' heads and cut their throats, and flayed them; and they cut out the thigh-pieces and covered them with a double layer of fat, and laid raw flesh thereon. These they burned on billets of wood stripped of leaves, and the inner parts they pierced with spits, and held them over the flame of Hephaestus. But when the thigh-pieces were wholly burned and they had tasted of the inner parts, they cut up the rest and spitted it, and roasted it carefully, and drew all off the spits. Then, when they had ceased from their labour and had made ready the meal, they feasted, nor did their hearts lack aught of the equal feast. But when they had put from them the desire of food and drink, among them the horseman, Nestor of Gerenia, was first to speak, saying: Most glorious son of Atreus, Agamemnon, king of men,let us now not any more remain gathered here, nor any more put off the work which verily the god vouchsafeth us. Nay, come, let the heralds of the brazen-coated Achaeans make proclamation, and gather together the host throughout the ships, and let us go thus in a body through the broad camp of the Achaeans,that we may with the more speed stir up sharp battle. So spake he, and the king of men, Agamemnon, failed not to hearken. Straightway he bade the clear-voiced heralds summon to battle the long-haired Achaeans. And they made summons, and the host gathered full quickly.

ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἄρα πώ οἱ ἐπεκραίαινε Κρονίων, ἀλλʼ ὅ γε δέκτο μὲν ἱρά, πόνον δʼ ἀμέγαρτον ὄφελλεν. αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ εὔξαντο καὶ οὐλοχύτας προβάλοντο, αὐέρυσαν μὲν πρῶτα καὶ ἔσφαξαν καὶ ἔδειραν, μηρούς τʼ ἐξέταμον κατά τε κνίσῃ ἐκάλυψαν δίπτυχα ποιήσαντες, ἐπʼ αὐτῶν δʼ ὠμοθέτησαν. καὶ τὰ μὲν ἂρ σχίζῃσιν ἀφύλλοισιν κατέκαιον, σπλάγχνα δʼ ἄρʼ ἀμπείραντες ὑπείρεχον Ἡφαίστοιο. αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατὰ μῆρε κάη καὶ σπλάγχνα πάσαντο, μίστυλλόν τʼ ἄρα τἆλλα καὶ ἀμφʼ ὀβελοῖσιν ἔπειραν, ὤπτησάν τε περιφραδέως, ἐρύσαντό τε πάντα. αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ παύσαντο πόνου τετύκοντό τε δαῖτα δαίνυντʼ, οὐδέ τι θυμὸς ἐδεύετο δαιτὸς ἐΐσης. αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο, τοῖς ἄρα μύθων ἦρχε Γερήνιος ἱππότα Νέστωρ·

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Nestor to Agamemnon

Lines 434–440

let us now not any more remain gathered here, nor any more put off the work which verily the god vouchsafeth us. Nay, come, let the heralds of the brazen-coated Achaeans make proclamation, and gather together the host throughout the ships, and let us go thus in a body through the broad camp of the Achaeans, that we may with the more speed stir up sharp battle.

Ἀτρεΐδη κύδιστε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγάμεμνον, μηκέτι νῦν δήθʼ αὖθι λεγώμεθα, μηδʼ ἔτι δηρὸν ἀμβαλλώμεθα ἔργον ὃ δὴ θεὸς ἐγγυαλίζει. ἀλλʼ ἄγε κήρυκες μὲν Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων λαὸν κηρύσσοντες ἀγειρόντων κατὰ νῆας, ἡμεῖς δʼ ἀθρόοι ὧδε κατὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν ἴομεν ὄφρα κε θᾶσσον ἐγείρομεν ὀξὺν Ἄρηα.

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Lines 441–455

The kings, nurtured of Zeus, that were about Atreus' son, sped swiftly, marshalling the host, and in their midst was the flashing-eyed Athene, bearing the priceless aegis, that knoweth neither age nor death, wherefrom are hung an hundred tassels all of gold, all of them cunningly woven, and each one of the worth of an hundred oxen. Therewith she sped dazzling throughout the host of the Achaeans, urging them to go forth; and in the heart of each man she roused strength to war and to battle without ceasing. And to them forthwith war became sweeter than to return in their hollow ships to their dear native land. Even as a consuming fire maketh a boundless forest to blaze on the peaks of a mountain, and from afar is the glare thereof to be seen, even so from their innumerable bronze, as they marched forth, went the dazzling gleam up through the sky unto the heavens.

ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων. αὐτίκα κηρύκεσσι λιγυφθόγγοισι κέλευσε κηρύσσειν πόλεμον δὲ κάρη κομόωντας Ἀχαιούς· οἳ μὲν ἐκήρυσσον, τοὶ δʼ ἠγείροντο μάλʼ ὦκα. οἳ δʼ ἀμφʼ Ἀτρεΐωνα διοτρεφέες βασιλῆες θῦνον κρίνοντες, μετὰ δὲ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη αἰγίδʼ ἔχουσʼ ἐρίτιμον ἀγήρων ἀθανάτην τε, τῆς ἑκατὸν θύσανοι παγχρύσεοι ἠερέθονται, πάντες ἐϋπλεκέες, ἑκατόμβοιος δὲ ἕκαστος· σὺν τῇ παιφάσσουσα διέσσυτο λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν ὀτρύνουσʼ ἰέναι· ἐν δὲ σθένος ὦρσεν ἑκάστῳ καρδίῃ ἄλληκτον πολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι. τοῖσι δʼ ἄφαρ πόλεμος γλυκίων γένετʼ ἠὲ νέεσθαι ἐν νηυσὶ γλαφυρῇσι φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν. ἠΰτε πῦρ ἀΐδηλον ἐπιφλέγει ἄσπετον ὕλην

Lattimore commentary

The grandeur of the coming battle is highlighted by Athene’s magical intervention, a chain of six similes, and a fresh, extended invocation to the Muses. The aegis of Athene is a shield-like goatskin that in the hands of Zeus or the goddess can stun and terrify enemies (although here it seems to inspire). The similes stress the ways in which the clash resembles powerful aspects of nature: forest fire (the armor’s gleam); migrating birds, insects, and plant life (multitudes of fighters); herds of goats (separate army divisions of men); and an ox (Agamemnon). The Muses are asked to provided detailed information about the chief men and the strength to recite it. The subsequent Catalogue of Ships must have been a tour de force in recitation. The contrast between hearing (a secondary form of knowing) and autopsy (available occasionally to humans but always to the Muses, as they are eternal) persists in later Greek literature, especially the historical writings of Herodotus and Thucydides.

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kradie

Lines 456–470

wild geese or cranes or long-necked swans on the Asian mead by the streams of Caystrius, fly this way and that, glorying in their strength of wing, and with loud cries settle ever onwards,1 and the mead resoundeth; even so their many tribes poured forth from ships and huts into the plain of Scamander, and the earth echoed wondrously beneath the tread of men and horses. So they took their stand in the flowery mead of Scamander, numberless, as are the leaves and the flowers in their season. Even as the many tribes of swarming flies that buzz to and fro throughout the herdsman's farmstead in the season of spring, when the milk drenches the pails, even in such numbers stood the long-haired Achaeans upon the plain in the face of the men of Troy, eager to rend them asunder. And even as goatherds separate easily the wide-scattered flocks of goats,

οὔρεος ἐν κορυφῇς, ἕκαθεν δέ τε φαίνεται αὐγή, ὣς τῶν ἐρχομένων ἀπὸ χαλκοῦ θεσπεσίοιο αἴγλη παμφανόωσα διʼ αἰθέρος οὐρανὸν ἷκε. τῶν δʼ ὥς τʼ ὀρνίθων πετεηνῶν ἔθνεα πολλὰ χηνῶν ἢ γεράνων ἢ κύκνων δουλιχοδείρων Ἀσίω ἐν λειμῶνι Καϋστρίου ἀμφὶ ῥέεθρα ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα ποτῶνται ἀγαλλόμενα πτερύγεσσι κλαγγηδὸν προκαθιζόντων, σμαραγεῖ δέ τε λειμών, ὣς τῶν ἔθνεα πολλὰ νεῶν ἄπο καὶ κλισιάων ἐς πεδίον προχέοντο Σκαμάνδριον· αὐτὰρ ὑπὸ χθὼν σμερδαλέον κονάβιζε ποδῶν αὐτῶν τε καὶ ἵππων. ἔσταν δʼ ἐν λειμῶνι Σκαμανδρίῳ ἀνθεμόεντι μυρίοι, ὅσσά τε φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ. ἠΰτε μυιάων ἁδινάων ἔθνεα πολλὰ αἵ τε κατὰ σταθμὸν ποιμνήϊον ἠλάσκουσιν

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Lines 471–485

when they mingle in the pasture, so did their leaders marshal them on this side and on that to enter into the battle, and among them lord Agamemnon, his eyes and head like unto Zeus that hurleth the thunderbolt, his waist like unto Ares, and his breast unto Poseidon. Even as a bull among the herd stands forth far the chiefest over all, for that he is pre-eminent among the gathering kine, even such did Zeus make Agamemnon on that day, pre-eminent among many, and chiefest amid warriors. Tell me now, ye Muses that have dwellings on Olympus— for ye are goddesses and are at hand and know all things, whereas we hear but a rumour and know not anything—who were the captains of the Danaans and their lords. But the common folk I could not tell nor name, nay, not though ten tongues were mine and ten mouths

ὥρῃ ἐν εἰαρινῇ ὅτε τε γλάγος ἄγγεα δεύει, τόσσοι ἐπὶ Τρώεσσι κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαιοὶ ἐν πεδίῳ ἵσταντο διαρραῖσαι μεμαῶτες. τοὺς δʼ ὥς τʼ αἰπόλια πλατέʼ αἰγῶν αἰπόλοι ἄνδρες ῥεῖα διακρίνωσιν ἐπεί κε νομῷ μιγέωσιν, ὣς τοὺς ἡγεμόνες διεκόσμεον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα ὑσμίνην δʼ ἰέναι, μετὰ δὲ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων ὄμματα καὶ κεφαλὴν ἴκελος Διὶ τερπικεραύνῳ, Ἄρεϊ δὲ ζώνην, στέρνον δὲ Ποσειδάωνι. ἠΰτε βοῦς ἀγέληφι μέγʼ ἔξοχος ἔπλετο πάντων ταῦρος· ὃ γάρ τε βόεσσι μεταπρέπει ἀγρομένῃσι· τοῖον ἄρʼ Ἀτρεΐδην θῆκε Ζεὺς ἤματι κείνῳ ἐκπρεπέʼ ἐν πολλοῖσι καὶ ἔξοχον ἡρώεσσιν. ἔσπετε νῦν μοι Μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματʼ ἔχουσαι· ὑμεῖς γὰρ θεαί ἐστε πάρεστέ τε ἴστέ τε πάντα,

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Lines 486–500

and a voice unwearying, and though the heart within me were of bronze, did not the Muses of Olympus, daughters of Zeus that beareth the aegis, call to my mind all them that came beneath Ilios. Now will I tell the captains of the ships and the ships in their order.1 Of the Boeotians Peneleos and Leïtus were captains, and Arcesilaus and Prothoënor and Clonius; these were they that dwelt in Hyria and rocky Aulis and Schoenus and Scolus and Eteonus with its many ridges, Thespeia, Graea, and spacious Mycalessus; and that dwelt about Harma and Eilesium and Erythrae; and that held Eleon and Hyle and Peteon, Ocalea and Medeon, the well-built citadel, Copae, Eutresis, and Thisbe, the haunt of doves; that dwelt in Coroneia and grassy Haliartus, and that held Plataea and dwelt in Glisas;

ἡμεῖς δὲ κλέος οἶον ἀκούομεν οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν· οἵ τινες ἡγεμόνες Δαναῶν καὶ κοίρανοι ἦσαν· πληθὺν δʼ οὐκ ἂν ἐγὼ μυθήσομαι οὐδʼ ὀνομήνω, οὐδʼ εἴ μοι δέκα μὲν γλῶσσαι, δέκα δὲ στόματʼ εἶεν, φωνὴ δʼ ἄρρηκτος, χάλκεον δέ μοι ἦτορ ἐνείη, εἰ μὴ Ὀλυμπιάδες Μοῦσαι Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο θυγατέρες μνησαίαθʼ ὅσοι ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθον· ἀρχοὺς αὖ νηῶν ἐρέω νῆάς τε προπάσας. Βοιωτῶν μὲν Πηνέλεως καὶ Λήϊτος ἦρχον Ἀρκεσίλαός τε Προθοήνωρ τε Κλονίος τε, οἵ θʼ Ὑρίην ἐνέμοντο καὶ Αὐλίδα πετρήεσσαν Σχοῖνόν τε Σκῶλόν τε πολύκνημόν τʼ Ἐτεωνόν, Θέσπειαν Γραῖάν τε καὶ εὐρύχορον Μυκαλησσόν, οἵ τʼ ἀμφʼ Ἅρμʼ ἐνέμοντο καὶ Εἰλέσιον καὶ Ἐρυθράς, οἵ τʼ Ἐλεῶνʼ εἶχον ἠδʼ Ὕλην καὶ Πετεῶνα,

Lattimore commentary

Boiotian fighters, puzzlingly, do not play a major role in the Iliad (even though evidence now suggests it was a powerful region in Mykenaian times). But the Catalogue may take this starting point because it includes Aulis, the gathering spot for the expedition and site of the sacrifice of Iphigeneia, daughter of Agamemnon, to appease Artemis and obtain favoring winds. > NB: In the following notes, Only those names of persons and places will be mentioned for which there is information of interest beyond simple identification of locale; for the rest, the glossary on page 573 and the maps on pages 70 and 71 should be consulted. For further details see T. W. Allen, The Homeric Catalogue of Ships (Oxford, 1921); R. Hope Simpson and J. F. Lazenby, The Catalogue of the Ships in Homer’s Iliad (Oxford, 1970); and (in German) E. Visser, Homers Katalog der Schiffe (Stuttgart, 1997).

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Lines 501–515

that held lower Thebe, the well-built citadel, and holy Onchestus, the bright grove of Poseidon; and that held Arne, rich in vines, and Mideia and sacred Nisa and Anthedon on the seaboard. Of these there came fifty ships, and on board of each went young men of the Boeotians an hundred and twenty. for he lay with her in secret. And with these were ranged thirty hollow ships. And of the Phocians Schedius and Epistrophus were captains, sons of great-souled Iphitus, son of Naubolus; these were they that held Cyparissus and rocky Pytho,

Ὠκαλέην Μεδεῶνά τʼ ἐϋκτίμενον πτολίεθρον, Κώπας Εὔτρησίν τε πολυτρήρωνά τε Θίσβην, οἵ τε Κορώνειαν καὶ ποιήενθʼ Ἁλίαρτον, οἵ τε Πλάταιαν ἔχον ἠδʼ οἳ Γλισᾶντʼ ἐνέμοντο, οἵ θʼ Ὑποθήβας εἶχον ἐϋκτίμενον πτολίεθρον, Ὀγχηστόν θʼ ἱερὸν Ποσιδήϊον ἀγλαὸν ἄλσος, οἵ τε πολυστάφυλον Ἄρνην ἔχον, οἵ τε Μίδειαν Νῖσάν τε ζαθέην Ἀνθηδόνα τʼ ἐσχατόωσαν· τῶν μὲν πεντήκοντα νέες κίον, ἐν δὲ ἑκάστῃ κοῦροι Βοιωτῶν ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι βαῖνον. οἳ δʼ Ἀσπληδόνα ναῖον ἰδʼ Ὀρχομενὸν Μινύειον, τῶν ἦρχʼ Ἀσκάλαφος καὶ Ἰάλμενος υἷες Ἄρηος οὓς τέκεν Ἀστυόχη δόμῳ Ἄκτορος Ἀζεΐδαο, παρθένος αἰδοίη ὑπερώϊον εἰσαναβᾶσα Ἄρηϊ κρατερῷ· ὃ δέ οἱ παρελέξατο λάθρῃ·

Lattimore commentary

“Lower Thebes” is all that remained after the sack of the upper city, so this detail fits the myth of a pre–Trojan War attack carried out by Diomedes and other sons of the Seven against Thebes. The genealogical detail is in the style of the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, which arranges large segments of tradition according to which mythical women bore what off spring. A smaller selection in this style occurs in Odysseus’ account of women he met in the underworld (Odyssey, book 11).

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Lines 516–530

and sacred Crisa and Daulis and Panopeus; and that dwelt about Anemoreia and Hyampolis, and that lived beside the goodly river Cephisus, and that held Lilaea by the springs of Cephisus. With these followed forty black ships. And their leaders busily marshalled the ranks of the Phocians, and made ready for battle hard by the Boeotians on the left. And the Loerians had as leader the swift son of Oïleus, Aias the less, in no wise as great as Telamonian Aias, but far less. Small of stature was he, with corselet of linen, but with the spear he far excelled the whole host of Hellenes and Achaeans. These were they that dwelt in Cynus and Opus and Calliarus and Bessa and Scarphe and lovely Augeiae and Tarphe and Thronium about the streams of Boagrius. With Aias followed forty black ships of

τοῖς δὲ τριήκοντα γλαφυραὶ νέες ἐστιχόωντο. αὐτὰρ Φωκήων Σχεδίος καὶ Ἐπίστροφος ἦρχον υἷες Ἰφίτου μεγαθύμου Ναυβολίδαο, οἳ Κυπάρισσον ἔχον Πυθῶνά τε πετρήεσσαν Κρῖσάν τε ζαθέην καὶ Δαυλίδα καὶ Πανοπῆα, οἵ τʼ Ἀνεμώρειαν καὶ Ὑάμπολιν ἀμφενέμοντο, οἵ τʼ ἄρα πὰρ ποταμὸν Κηφισὸν δῖον ἔναιον, οἵ τε Λίλαιαν ἔχον πηγῇς ἔπι Κηφισοῖο· τοῖς δʼ ἅμα τεσσαράκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο. οἳ μὲν Φωκήων στίχας ἵστασαν ἀμφιέποντες, Βοιωτῶν δʼ ἔμπλην ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ θωρήσσοντο. Λοκρῶν δʼ ἡγεμόνευεν Ὀϊλῆος ταχὺς Αἴας μείων, οὔ τι τόσος γε ὅσος Τελαμώνιος Αἴας ἀλλὰ πολὺ μείων· ὀλίγος μὲν ἔην λινοθώρηξ, ἐγχείῃ δʼ ἐκέκαστο Πανέλληνας καὶ Ἀχαιούς·

Lattimore commentary

This is the only example in Homer in which “Hellenes” means all Greeks (as do the synonymous Danaäns, Argives, and Achaians), rather than the inhabitants of a smaller region named Hellas, corresponding to the area near Phthia (Achilleus’ territory: see 683–84 below). The term became the Classical (and modern) designation for the Greeks.

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Lines 531–545

the Locrians that dwell over against sacred Euboea. And the Abantes, breathing fury, that held Euboea and Chalcis and Eretria and Histiaea, rich in vines, and Cerinthus, hard by the sea, and the steep citadel of Dios; and that held Carystus and dwelt in Styra,— all these again had as leader Elephenor, scion of Ares, him that was son of Chalcodon and captain of the great-souled Abantes. And with him followed the swift Abantes, with hair long at the back, spearmen eager with outstretched ashen spears to rend the corselets about the breasts of the foemen. And with him there followed forty black ships.

οἳ Κῦνόν τʼ ἐνέμοντʼ Ὀπόεντά τε Καλλίαρόν τε Βῆσσάν τε Σκάρφην τε καὶ Αὐγειὰς ἐρατεινὰς Τάρφην τε Θρόνιον τε Βοαγρίου ἀμφὶ ῥέεθρα· τῷ δʼ ἅμα τεσσαράκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο Λοκρῶν, οἳ ναίουσι πέρην ἱερῆς Εὐβοίης. οἳ δʼ Εὔβοιαν ἔχον μένεα πνείοντες Ἄβαντες Χαλκίδα τʼ Εἰρέτριάν τε πολυστάφυλόν θʼ Ἱστίαιαν Κήρινθόν τʼ ἔφαλον Δίου τʼ αἰπὺ πτολίεθρον, οἵ τε Κάρυστον ἔχον ἠδʼ οἳ Στύρα ναιετάασκον, τῶν αὖθʼ ἡγεμόνευʼ Ἐλεφήνωρ ὄζος Ἄρηος Χαλκωδοντιάδης μεγαθύμων ἀρχὸς Ἀβάντων. τῷ δʼ ἅμʼ Ἄβαντες ἕποντο θοοὶ ὄπιθεν κομόωντες αἰχμηταὶ μεμαῶτες ὀρεκτῇσιν μελίῃσι θώρηκας ῥήξειν δηΐων ἀμφὶ στήθεσσι· τῷ δʼ ἅμα τεσσαράκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο.

Lattimore commentary

The Abantes are distinguished from other Greeks, regularly “long-haired” in Homer, by having their hair shaved in the front (to prevent being grabbed by enemies), while left long in back.

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menos

Lines 546–560

and there the youths of the Athenians, as the years roll on in their courses, seek to win his favour with sacrifices of bulls and rams;—these again had as leader Menestheus, son of Peteos. Like unto him was none other man upon the face of the earth for the marshalling of chariots and of warriors that bear the shield. Only Nestor could vie with him, for he was the elder. And with him there followed fifty black ships. And Aias led from Salamis twelve ships, and stationed them where the battalions of the Athenians stood. And they that held Argos and Tiryns, famed for its walls, and Hermione and Asine, that enfold the deep gulf, Troezen and Eïonae and vine-clad Epidaurus, and the youths of the Achaeans that held Aegina and Mases,—these again had as leaders Diomedes, good at the war-cry, and Sthenelus, dear son of glorious Capaneus.

οἳ δʼ ἄρʼ Ἀθήνας εἶχον ἐϋκτίμενον πτολίεθρον δῆμον Ἐρεχθῆος μεγαλήτορος, ὅν ποτʼ Ἀθήνη θρέψε Διὸς θυγάτηρ, τέκε δὲ ζείδωρος ἄρουρα, κὰδ δʼ ἐν Ἀθήνῃς εἷσεν ἑῷ ἐν πίονι νηῷ· ἔνθα δέ μιν ταύροισι καὶ ἀρνειοῖς ἱλάονται κοῦροι Ἀθηναίων περιτελλομένων ἐνιαυτῶν· τῶν αὖθʼ ἡγεμόνευʼ υἱὸς Πετεῶο Μενεσθεύς. τῷ δʼ οὔ πώ τις ὁμοῖος ἐπιχθόνιος γένετʼ ἀνὴρ κοσμῆσαι ἵππους τε καὶ ἀνέρας ἀσπιδιώτας· Νέστωρ οἶος ἔριζεν· ὃ γὰρ προγενέστερος ἦεν· τῷ δʼ ἅμα πεντήκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο. Αἴας δʼ ἐκ Σαλαμῖνος ἄγεν δυοκαίδεκα νῆας, στῆσε δʼ ἄγων ἵνʼ Ἀθηναίων ἵσταντο φάλαγγες. οἳ δʼ Ἄργός τʼ εἶχον Τίρυνθά τε τειχιόεσσαν Ἑρμιόνην Ἀσίνην τε, βαθὺν κατὰ κόλπον ἐχούσας,

Lattimore commentary

Erechtheus was born directly from the earth (and is thus “autochthonous”—as later Athenians, like a number of Native American tribes, claimed to be), although Athene is his patron and in some versions foster mother. His establishment in her temple reflects the representation of a hero cult, as do the annual sacrifices—perhaps a reminiscence of something like the annual Panathenaic festival. From an early period of Homeric criticism, this line has been suspected as an Athenian interpolation (attributed either to Solon or Peisistratos in the sixth century BC) intended to make a political claim for Salamis in the face of competition from Megara.

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Lines 561–575

And with them came a third, Euryalus, a godlike warrior, son of king Mecisteus, son of Talaus; but leader over them all was Diomedes, good at the war-cry. And with these there followed eighty black ships. And they that held Mycenae, the well-built citadel, and wealthy Corinth, and well-built Cleonae, and dwelt in Orneiae and lovely Araethyrea and Sicyon, wherein at the first Adrastus was king; and they that held Hyperesia and steep Gonoessa and Pellene, and that dwelt about Aegium and throughout all Aegialus, and about broad Helice,—of these was the son of Atreus, lord Agamemnon, captain, with an hundred ships. With him followed most people by far and goodliest; and among them he himself did on his gleaming bronze, a king all-glorious, and was pre-eminent among all the warriors,

Τροιζῆνʼ Ἠϊόνας τε καὶ ἀμπελόεντʼ Ἐπίδαυρον, οἵ τʼ ἔχον Αἴγιναν Μάσητά τε κοῦροι Ἀχαιῶν, τῶν αὖθʼ ἡγεμόνευε βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Διομήδης καὶ Σθένελος, Καπανῆος ἀγακλειτοῦ φίλος υἱός· τοῖσι δʼ ἅμʼ Εὐρύαλος τρίτατος κίεν ἰσόθεος φὼς Μηκιστέος υἱὸς Ταλαϊονίδαο ἄνακτος· συμπάντων δʼ ἡγεῖτο βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Διομήδης· τοῖσι δʼ ἅμʼ ὀγδώκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο. οἳ δὲ Μυκήνας εἶχον ἐϋκτίμενον πτολίεθρον ἀφνειόν τε Κόρινθον ἐϋκτιμένας τε Κλεωνάς, Ὀρνειάς τʼ ἐνέμοντο Ἀραιθυρέην τʼ ἐρατεινὴν καὶ Σικυῶνʼ, ὅθʼ ἄρʼ Ἄδρηστος πρῶτʼ ἐμβασίλευεν, οἵ θʼ Ὑπερησίην τε καὶ αἰπεινὴν Γονόεσσαν Πελλήνην τʼ εἶχον ἠδʼ Αἴγιον ἀμφενέμοντο Αἰγιαλόν τʼ ἀνὰ πάντα καὶ ἀμφʼ Ἑλίκην εὐρεῖαν,

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Lines 576–590

for that he was noblest, and led a people far the most in number. and that held Laas, and dwelt about Oetylus,—these were led by Agamemnon's brother, even Menelaus, good at the war-cry, with sixty ships; and they were marshalled apart. And himself he moved among them, confident in his zeal, urging his men to battle; and above all others was his heart fain to get him requital for his strivings and groanings for Helen's sake. And they that dwelt in Pylos and lovely Arene and Thryum, the ford of Alpheius, and fair-founded Aepy, and that had their abodes in Cyparisseïs and Amphigeneia and Pteleos and Helus and Dorium,

τῶν ἑκατὸν νηῶν ἦρχε κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων Ἀτρεΐδης· ἅμα τῷ γε πολὺ πλεῖστοι καὶ ἄριστοι λαοὶ ἕποντʼ· ἐν δʼ αὐτὸς ἐδύσετο νώροπα χαλκὸν κυδιόων, πᾶσιν δὲ μετέπρεπεν ἡρώεσσιν οὕνεκʼ ἄριστος ἔην πολὺ δὲ πλείστους ἄγε λαούς. οἳ δʼ εἶχον κοίλην Λακεδαίμονα κητώεσσαν, Φᾶρίν τε Σπάρτην τε πολυτρήρωνά τε Μέσσην, Βρυσειάς τʼ ἐνέμοντο καὶ Αὐγειὰς ἐρατεινάς, οἵ τʼ ἄρʼ Ἀμύκλας εἶχον Ἕλος τʼ ἔφαλον πτολίεθρον, οἵ τε Λάαν εἶχον ἠδʼ Οἴτυλον ἀμφενέμοντο, τῶν οἱ ἀδελφεὸς ἦρχε βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος ἑξήκοντα νεῶν· ἀπάτερθε δὲ θωρήσσοντο· ἐν δʼ αὐτὸς κίεν ᾗσι προθυμίῃσι πεποιθὼς ὀτρύνων πόλεμον δέ· μάλιστα δὲ ἵετο θυμῷ τίσασθαι Ἑλένης ὁρμήματά τε στοναχάς τε.

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peitho thumos

Lines 591–605

where the Muses met Thamyris the Thracian and made an end of his singing, even as he was journeying from Oechalia, from the house of Eurytus the Oechalian: for he vaunted with boasting that he would conquer, were the Muses themselves to sing against him, the daughters of Zeus that beareth the aegis; but they in their wrath maimed him, and took from him his wondrous song, and made him forget his minstrelsy;—all these folk again had as leader the horseman, Nestor of Gerenia. And with him were ranged ninety hollow ships. And they that held Arcadia beneath the steep mountain of Cyllene, beside the tomb of Aepytus, where are warriors that fight in close combat; and they that dwelt in Pheneos and Orchomenus, rich in flocks, and Rhipe and Stratia and wind-swept Enispe; and that held Tegea and lovely Mantineia; and that held Stymphalus and dwelt in Parrhasia, —all these were led by the son of Ancaeus, Lord Agapenor,

οἳ δὲ Πύλον τʼ ἐνέμοντο καὶ Ἀρήνην ἐρατεινὴν καὶ Θρύον Ἀλφειοῖο πόρον καὶ ἐΰκτιτον Αἰπὺ καὶ Κυπαρισσήεντα καὶ Ἀμφιγένειαν ἔναιον καὶ Πτελεὸν καὶ Ἕλος καὶ Δώριον, ἔνθά τε Μοῦσαι ἀντόμεναι Θάμυριν τὸν Θρήϊκα παῦσαν ἀοιδῆς Οἰχαλίηθεν ἰόντα παρʼ Εὐρύτου Οἰχαλιῆος· στεῦτο γὰρ εὐχόμενος νικησέμεν εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν κοῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο· αἳ δὲ χολωσάμεναι πηρὸν θέσαν, αὐτὰρ ἀοιδὴν θεσπεσίην ἀφέλοντο καὶ ἐκλέλαθον κιθαριστύν· τῶν αὖθʼ ἡγεμόνευε Γερήνιος ἱππότα Νέστωρ· τῷ δʼ ἐνενήκοντα γλαφυραὶ νέες ἐστιχόωντο. οἳ δʼ ἔχον Ἀρκαδίην ὑπὸ Κυλλήνης ὄρος αἰπὺ Αἰπύτιον παρὰ τύμβον ἵνʼ ἀνέρες ἀγχιμαχηταί, οἳ Φενεόν τʼ ἐνέμοντο καὶ Ὀρχομενὸν πολύμηλον

Lattimore commentary

Thamyris comes from Thrace, like the mythical bard Orpheus, and like him, suffers for his art. The Muses in other cases blind a singer but give the art of song in compensation (e. g., Od. 8.63 concerning Demodocus). By contrast, Thamyris is stripped of his ability because he challenged the Muses (e. g., the story of Marsyas who challenged Apollo and was flayed). There may be professional jealousy among epic singers beneath the otherwise gratuitous reference: Oichalia, from which presumably Thamyris would be bringing the latest news, was associated with another strata of saga, connected with Herakles, a hero who is otherwise continuously put in the shade in the Iliad.

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Lines 606–620

with sixty ships; and on each ship embarked full many Arcadian warriors well-skilled in fight. For of himself had the king of men, Agamemnon, given them benched ships wherewith to cross over the wine-dark sea, even the son of Atreus, for with matters of seafaring had they naught to do. And they that dwelt in Buprasium and goodly Elis, all that part thereof that Hyrmine and Myrsinus on the seaboard and the rock of Olen and Alesium enclose between them—these again had four leaders, and ten swift ships followed each one, and many Epeians embarked thereon. Of these some were led by Amphimachus and Thalpius, of the blood of Actor, sons, the one of Cteatus and the other of Eurytus; and of some was the son of Amarynceus captain, even mighty Diores; and of the fourth company godlike Polyxeinus was captain, son of king Agasthenes, Augeias' son.

Ῥίπην τε Στρατίην τε καὶ ἠνεμόεσσαν Ἐνίσπην καὶ Τεγέην εἶχον καὶ Μαντινέην ἐρατεινὴν Στύμφηλόν τʼ εἶχον καὶ Παρρασίην ἐνέμοντο, τῶν ἦρχʼ Ἀγκαίοιο πάϊς κρείων Ἀγαπήνωρ ἑξήκοντα νεῶν· πολέες δʼ ἐν νηῒ ἑκάστῃ Ἀρκάδες ἄνδρες ἔβαινον ἐπιστάμενοι πολεμίζειν. αὐτὸς γάρ σφιν δῶκεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων νῆας ἐϋσσέλμους περάαν ἐπὶ οἴνοπα πόντον Ἀτρεΐδης, ἐπεὶ οὔ σφι θαλάσσια ἔργα μεμήλει. οἳ δʼ ἄρα Βουπράσιόν τε καὶ Ἤλιδα δῖαν ἔναιον ὅσσον ἐφʼ Ὑρμίνη καὶ Μύρσινος ἐσχατόωσα πέτρη τʼ Ὠλενίη καὶ Ἀλήσιον ἐντὸς ἐέργει, τῶν αὖ τέσσαρες ἀρχοὶ ἔσαν, δέκα δʼ ἀνδρὶ ἑκάστῳ νῆες ἕποντο θοαί, πολέες δʼ ἔμβαινον Ἐπειοί. τῶν μὲν ἄρʼ Ἀμφίμαχος καὶ Θάλπιος ἡγησάσθην

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Lines 621–635

And those from Dulichiuni and the Echinae, the holy isles, that lie across the sea, over against Elis, these again had as leader Meges, the peer of Ares, even the son of Phyleus, whom the horseman Phyleus, dear to Zeus, begat—he that of old had gone to dwell in Dulichium in wrath against his father. And with Meges there followed forty black ships. And Odysseus led the great-souled Cephallenians that held Ithaca and Neritum, covered with waving forests, and that dwelt in Crocyleia and rugged Aegilips; and them that held Zacynthus, and that dwelt about Samos, and held the mainland and dwelt on the shores over against the isles. Of these was Odysseus captain, the peer of Zeus in counsel. And with him there followed twelve ships with vermilion prows. And the Aetolians were led by Thoas, Andraemon's son, even they that dwelt in Pleuron and Olenus and Pylene and Chalcis, hard by the sea, and rocky Calydon. For the sons of great-hearted Oeneus were no more, neither did he himself still live, and fair-haired Meleager was dead, to whom had commands been given that he should bear full sway among the Aetolians. And with Thoas there followed forty black ships.

υἷες ὃ μὲν Κτεάτου, ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ Εὐρύτου, Ἀκτορίωνε· τῶν δʼ Ἀμαρυγκεΐδης ἦρχε κρατερὸς Διώρης· τῶν δὲ τετάρτων ἦρχε Πολύξεινος θεοειδὴς υἱὸς Ἀγασθένεος Αὐγηϊάδαο ἄνακτος. οἳ δʼ ἐκ Δουλιχίοιο Ἐχινάων θʼ ἱεράων νήσων, αἳ ναίουσι πέρην ἁλὸς Ἤλιδος ἄντα, τῶν αὖθʼ ἡγεμόνευε Μέγης ἀτάλαντος Ἄρηϊ Φυλεΐδης, ὃν τίκτε Διῒ φίλος ἱππότα Φυλεύς, ὅς ποτε Δουλίχιον δʼ ἀπενάσσατο πατρὶ χολωθείς· τῷ δʼ ἅμα τεσσαράκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο. αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς ἦγε Κεφαλλῆνας μεγαθύμους, οἵ ῥʼ Ἰθάκην εἶχον καὶ Νήριτον εἰνοσίφυλλον καὶ Κροκύλειʼ ἐνέμοντο καὶ Αἰγίλιπα τρηχεῖαν, οἵ τε Ζάκυνθον ἔχον ἠδʼ οἳ Σάμον ἀμφενέμοντο, οἵ τʼ ἤπειρον ἔχον ἠδʼ ἀντιπέραιʼ ἐνέμοντο·

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Lines 636–650

And the Cretans had as leader Idomeneus, famed for his spear, even they that held Cnosus and Gortys, famed for its walls, Lyctus and Miletus and Lycastus, white with chalk, and Phaestus and Rhytium, well-peopled cities; and all they beside that dwelt in Crete of the hundred cities. Of all these was Idomeneus, famed for his spear, captain, and Meriones, the peer of Enyalius, slayer of men. And with these there followed eighty black ships.

τῶν μὲν Ὀδυσσεὺς ἦρχε Διὶ μῆτιν ἀτάλαντος· τῷ δʼ ἅμα νῆες ἕποντο δυώδεκα μιλτοπάρῃοι. Αἰτωλῶν δʼ ἡγεῖτο Θόας Ἀνδραίμονος υἱός, οἳ Πλευρῶνʼ ἐνέμοντο καὶ Ὤλενον ἠδὲ Πυλήνην Χαλκίδα τʼ ἀγχίαλον Καλυδῶνά τε πετρήεσσαν· οὐ γὰρ ἔτʼ Οἰνῆος μεγαλήτορος υἱέες ἦσαν, οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔτʼ αὐτὸς ἔην, θάνε δὲ ξανθὸς Μελέαγρος· τῷ δʼ ἐπὶ πάντʼ ἐτέταλτο ἀνασσέμεν Αἰτωλοῖσι· τῷ δʼ ἅμα τεσσαράκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο. Κρητῶν δʼ Ἰδομενεὺς δουρὶ κλυτὸς ἡγεμόνευεν, οἳ Κνωσόν τʼ εἶχον Γόρτυνά τε τειχιόεσσαν, Λύκτον Μίλητόν τε καὶ ἀργινόεντα Λύκαστον Φαιστόν τε Ῥύτιόν τε, πόλεις εὖ ναιετοώσας, ἄλλοι θʼ οἳ Κρήτην ἑκατόμπολιν ἀμφενέμοντο. τῶν μὲν ἄρʼ Ἰδομενεὺς δουρὶ κλυτὸς ἡγεμόνευε

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Lines 651–665

that dwelt in Rhodes sundered in three divisions—in Lindos and Ialysus and Cameirus, white with chalk. These were led by Tlepolemus, famed for his spear, he that was born to mighty Heracles by Astyocheia, whom he had led forth out of Ephyre from the river Selleïs, when he had laid waste many cities of warriors fostered of Zeus. But when Tlepolemus had grown to manhood in the well-fenced palace, forthwith he slew his own father's dear uncle, Licymnius, scion of Ares, who was then waxing old. So he straightway built him ships, and when he had gathered together much people, went forth in flight over the sea, for that the other sons and grandsons of mighty Heracles threatened him. But he came to Rhodes in his wanderings, suffering woes, and there his people settled in three divisions by tribes, and were loved of Zeus that is king among gods and men;

Μηριόνης τʼ ἀτάλαντος Ἐνυαλίῳ ἀνδρειφόντῃ· τοῖσι δʼ ἅμʼ ὀγδώκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο. Τληπόλεμος δʼ Ἡρακλεΐδης ἠΰς τε μέγας τε ἐκ Ῥόδου ἐννέα νῆας ἄγεν Ῥοδίων ἀγερώχων, οἳ Ῥόδον ἀμφενέμοντο διὰ τρίχα κοσμηθέντες Λίνδον Ἰηλυσόν τε καὶ ἀργινόεντα Κάμειρον. τῶν μὲν Τληπόλεμος δουρὶ κλυτὸς ἡγεμόνευεν, ὃν τέκεν Ἀστυόχεια βίῃ Ἡρακληείῃ, τὴν ἄγετʼ ἐξ Ἐφύρης ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος πέρσας ἄστεα πολλὰ διοτρεφέων αἰζηῶν. Τληπόλεμος δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν τράφʼ ἐνὶ μεγάρῳ εὐπήκτῳ, αὐτίκα πατρὸς ἑοῖο φίλον μήτρωα κατέκτα ἤδη γηράσκοντα Λικύμνιον ὄζον Ἄρηος· αἶψα δὲ νῆας ἔπηξε, πολὺν δʼ ὅ γε λαὸν ἀγείρας βῆ φεύγων ἐπὶ πόντον· ἀπείλησαν γάρ οἱ ἄλλοι

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Lines 666–680

and upon them was wondrous wealth poured by the son of Cronos. Moreover Nireus led three shapely ships from Syme, Nireus that was son of Aglaïa and Charops the king, Nireus the comeliest man that came beneath Ilios of all the Danaans after the fearless son of Peleus. Howbeit he was a weakling, and but few people followed with him. And they that held Nisyrus and Crapathus and Casus and Cos, the city of Eurypylus, and the Calydnian isles, these again were led by Pheidippus and Antiphus, the two sons of king Thessalus, son of Heracles. And with them were ranged thirty hollow ships. Now all those again that inhabited Pelasgian Argos, and dwelt in Alos and Alope and Trachis, and that held Phthia and Hellas, the land of fair women, and were called Myrmidons and Hellenes and Achaeans—

υἱέες υἱωνοί τε βίης Ἡρακληείης. αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ ἐς Ῥόδον ἷξεν ἀλώμενος ἄλγεα πάσχων· τριχθὰ δὲ ᾤκηθεν καταφυλαδόν, ἠδὲ φίληθεν ἐκ Διός, ὅς τε θεοῖσι καὶ ἀνθρώποισιν ἀνάσσει, καί σφιν θεσπέσιον πλοῦτον κατέχευε Κρονίων. Νιρεὺς αὖ Σύμηθεν ἄγε τρεῖς νῆας ἐΐσας Νιρεὺς Ἀγλαΐης υἱὸς Χαρόποιό τʼ ἄνακτος Νιρεύς, ὃς κάλλιστος ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθε τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετʼ ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐωνα· ἀλλʼ ἀλαπαδνὸς ἔην, παῦρος δέ οἱ εἵπετο λαός. οἳ δʼ ἄρα Νίσυρόν τʼ εἶχον Κράπαθόν τε Κάσον τε καὶ Κῶν Εὐρυπύλοιο πόλιν νήσους τε Καλύδνας, τῶν αὖ Φείδιππός τε καὶ Ἄντιφος ἡγησάσθην Θεσσαλοῦ υἷε δύω Ἡρακλεΐδαο ἄνακτος· τοῖς δὲ τριήκοντα γλαφυραὶ νέες ἐστιχόωντο.

Lattimore commentary

The shower of wealth on Rhodes was literal: Zeus is reputed to have poured down gold like snow on the island. Nireus, from the insignificant island, is never heard of again in the Iliad. The mention of his beauty, however, allows the poet to slip in a reminder of the otherwise absent Achilleus, to foreground the theme of the relative distribution of gods’ gifts (beauty but not power), and to continue to create the overarching sense that the entire world of Greeks and Trojans came to this war.

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algea pascho

Lines 681–695

of the fifty ships of these men was Achilles captain. Howbeit they bethought them not of dolorous war, since there was no man to lead them forth into the ranks. For he lay in idleness among the ships, the swift-footed, goodly Achilles, in wrath because of the fair-haired girl Briseïs, whom he had taken out of Lyrnessus after sore toil, when he wasted Lyrnessus and the walls of Thebe, and laid low Mynes and Epistrophus, warriors that raged with the spear, sons of king Evenus, Selepus' son. In sore grief for her lay Achilles idle; but soon was he to arise again. And they that held Phylace and flowery Pyrasus, the sanctuary of Demeter, and Iton, mother of flocks, and Antron, hard by the sea, and Pteleos, couched in grass, these again had as leader warlike Protesilaus, while yet he lived; howbeit ere now the black earth held him fast.

νῦν αὖ τοὺς ὅσσοι τὸ Πελασγικὸν Ἄργος ἔναιον, οἵ τʼ Ἄλον οἵ τʼ Ἀλόπην οἵ τε Τρηχῖνα νέμοντο, οἵ τʼ εἶχον Φθίην ἠδʼ Ἑλλάδα καλλιγύναικα, Μυρμιδόνες δὲ καλεῦντο καὶ Ἕλληνες καὶ Ἀχαιοί, τῶν αὖ πεντήκοντα νεῶν ἦν ἀρχὸς Ἀχιλλεύς. ἀλλʼ οἵ γʼ οὐ πολέμοιο δυσηχέος ἐμνώοντο· οὐ γὰρ ἔην ὅς τίς σφιν ἐπὶ στίχας ἡγήσαιτο· κεῖτο γὰρ ἐν νήεσσι ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς κούρης χωόμενος Βρισηΐδος ἠϋκόμοιο, τὴν ἐκ Λυρνησσοῦ ἐξείλετο πολλὰ μογήσας Λυρνησσὸν διαπορθήσας καὶ τείχεα Θήβης, κὰδ δὲ Μύνητʼ ἔβαλεν καὶ Ἐπίστροφον ἐγχεσιμώρους, υἱέας Εὐηνοῖο Σεληπιάδαο ἄνακτος· τῆς ὅ γε κεῖτʼ ἀχέων, τάχα δʼ ἀνστήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν. οἳ δʼ εἶχον Φυλάκην καὶ Πύρασον ἀνθεμόεντα

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Lines 696–710

His wife, her two cheeks torn in wailing, was left in Phylace and his house but half established,1 while, for himself, a Dardanian warrior slew him as he leapt forth from his ship by far the first of the Achaeans. Yet neither were his men leaderless, though they longed for their leader; for Podarces, scion of Ares, marshalled them, he that was son of Phylacus' son, Iphiclus, rich in flocks, own brother to great-souled Protesilaus, and younger-born; but the other was the elder and the better man, even the warrior, valiant Protesilaus. So the host in no wise lacked a leader, though they longed for the noble man they had lost. And with him there followed forty black ships. And they that dwelt in Pherae beside the lake Boebeïs, and in Boebe, and Glaphyrae, and well-built Iolcus, these were led by the dear son of Admetus with eleven ships, even by Eumelus, whom Alcestis, queenly among women, bare to Admetus,

Δήμητρος τέμενος, Ἴτωνά τε μητέρα μήλων, ἀγχίαλόν τʼ Ἀντρῶνα ἰδὲ Πτελεὸν λεχεποίην, τῶν αὖ Πρωτεσίλαος ἀρήϊος ἡγεμόνευε ζωὸς ἐών· τότε δʼ ἤδη ἔχεν κάτα γαῖα μέλαινα. τοῦ δὲ καὶ ἀμφιδρυφὴς ἄλοχος Φυλάκῃ ἐλέλειπτο καὶ δόμος ἡμιτελής· τὸν δʼ ἔκτανε Δάρδανος ἀνὴρ νηὸς ἀποθρῴσκοντα πολὺ πρώτιστον Ἀχαιῶν. οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδʼ οἳ ἄναρχοι ἔσαν, πόθεόν γε μὲν ἀρχόν· ἀλλά σφεας κόσμησε Ποδάρκης ὄζος Ἄρηος Ἰφίκλου υἱὸς πολυμήλου Φυλακίδαο αὐτοκασίγνητος μεγαθύμου Πρωτεσιλάου ὁπλότερος γενεῇ· ὁ δʼ ἅμα πρότερος καὶ ἀρείων ἥρως Πρωτεσίλαος ἀρήϊος· οὐδέ τι λαοὶ δεύονθʼ ἡγεμόνος, πόθεόν γε μὲν ἐσθλὸν ἐόντα· τῷ δʼ ἅμα τεσσαράκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο.

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pothos

Lines 711–725

even she, the comeliest of the daughters of Pelias. And they that dwelt in Methone and Thaumacia, and that held Meliboea and rugged Olizon, these with their seven ships were led by Philoctetes, well-skilled in archery, yet full soon were the Argives beside their ships to bethink them of king Philoctetes. Howbeit neither were these men leaderless, though they longed for their leader; but Medon marshalled them, the bastard son of Oïleus, whom Rhene bare to Oïleus, sacker of cities. And they that held Tricca and Ithome of the crags,

οἳ δὲ Φερὰς ἐνέμοντο παραὶ Βοιβηΐδα λίμνην Βοίβην καὶ Γλαφύρας καὶ ἐϋκτιμένην Ἰαωλκόν, τῶν ἦρχʼ Ἀδμήτοιο φίλος πάϊς ἕνδεκα νηῶν Εὔμηλος, τὸν ὑπʼ Ἀδμήτῳ τέκε δῖα γυναικῶν Ἄλκηστις Πελίαο θυγατρῶν εἶδος ἀρίστη. οἳ δʼ ἄρα Μηθώνην καὶ Θαυμακίην ἐνέμοντο καὶ Μελίβοιαν ἔχον καὶ Ὀλιζῶνα τρηχεῖαν, τῶν δὲ Φιλοκτήτης ἦρχεν τόξων ἐῢ εἰδὼς ἑπτὰ νεῶν· ἐρέται δʼ ἐν ἑκάστῃ πεντήκοντα ἐμβέβασαν τόξων εὖ εἰδότες ἶφι μάχεσθαι. ἀλλʼ ὃ μὲν ἐν νήσῳ κεῖτο κρατέρʼ ἄλγεα πάσχων Λήμνῳ ἐν ἠγαθέῃ, ὅθι μιν λίπον υἷες Ἀχαιῶν ἕλκεϊ μοχθίζοντα κακῷ ὀλοόφρονος ὕδρου· ἔνθʼ ὅ γε κεῖτʼ ἀχέων· τάχα δὲ μνήσεσθαι ἔμελλον Ἀργεῖοι παρὰ νηυσὶ Φιλοκτήταο ἄνακτος.

Lattimore commentary

Philoktetes, abandoned on Lemnos because his pained groans and stinking wound disturbed Greek rites, will be remembered after the death of Achilleus, when the Greeks obtain a prophecy that the bow of Herakles—in the possession of Philoktetes—is needed to take Troy. Sophocles’ Philoktetes dramatizes the machinations by which Odysseus tries to get it.

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algea pascho

Lines 726–740

and Oechalia, city of Oechalian Eurytus, these again were led by the two sons of Asclepius, the skilled leeches Podaleirius and Machaon. And with these were ranged thirty hollow ships. and that held Asterium and the white crests of Titanus, these were led by Eurypylus, the glorious son of Euaemon. And with him there followed forty black ships. And they that held Argissa, and dwelt in Gyrtone, Orthe, and Elone, and the white city of Oloösson, these again had as leader Polypoetes, staunch in fight, son of Peirithous, whom immortal Zeus begat— even him whom glorious Hippodameia conceived to Peirithous on the day when he got him vengeance on the shaggy centaurs, and thrust them forth from Pelium, and drave them to the Aethices.

οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδʼ οἳ ἄναρχοι ἔσαν, πόθεόν γε μὲν ἀρχόν· ἀλλὰ Μέδων κόσμησεν Ὀϊλῆος νόθος υἱός, τόν ῥʼ ἔτεκεν Ῥήνη ὑπʼ Ὀϊλῆϊ πτολιπόρθῳ. οἳ δʼ εἶχον Τρίκκην καὶ Ἰθώμην κλωμακόεσσαν, οἵ τʼ ἔχον Οἰχαλίην πόλιν Εὐρύτου Οἰχαλιῆος, τῶν αὖθʼ ἡγείσθην Ἀσκληπιοῦ δύο παῖδε ἰητῆρʼ ἀγαθὼ Ποδαλείριος ἠδὲ Μαχάων· τοῖς δὲ τριήκοντα γλαφυραὶ νέες ἐστιχόωντο. οἳ δʼ ἔχον Ὀρμένιον, οἵ τε κρήνην Ὑπέρειαν, οἵ τʼ ἔχον Ἀστέριον Τιτάνοιό τε λευκὰ κάρηνα, τῶν ἦρχʼ Εὐρύπυλος Εὐαίμονος ἀγλαὸς υἱός· τῷ δʼ ἅμα τεσσαράκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο. οἳ δʼ Ἄργισσαν ἔχον καὶ Γυρτώνην ἐνέμοντο, Ὄρθην Ἠλώνην τε πόλιν τʼ Ὀλοοσσόνα λευκήν, τῶν αὖθʼ ἡγεμόνευε μενεπτόλεμος Πολυποίτης

Lattimore commentary

Asklepios, son of Apollo, was a hero and healer; Trikke had an early healing cult (although the later Epidauros complex, with its theater and hospital, became more famous).

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pothos

Lines 741–755

Not alone was he, but with him was Leonteus, scion of Ares, the son of Caenus' son, Coronus, high of heart. And with them there followed forty black ships. And Gouneus led from Cyphus two and twenty ships, and with him followed the Enienes and the Peraebi, staunch in fight, that had set their dwellings about wintry Dodona, and dwelt in the ploughland about lovely Titaressus, that poureth his fair-flowing streams into Peneius; yet doth he not mingle with the silver eddies of Peneius, but floweth on over his waters like unto olive oil; for that he is a branch of the water of Styx, the dread river of oath. And the Magnetes had as captain Prothous, son of Tenthredon. These were they that dwelt about Peneius and Pelion, covered with waving forests. Of these was swift Prothous captain; and with him there followed forty black ships.

υἱὸς Πειριθόοιο τὸν ἀθάνατος τέκετο Ζεύς· τόν ῥʼ ὑπὸ Πειριθόῳ τέκετο κλυτὸς Ἱπποδάμεια ἤματι τῷ ὅτε Φῆρας ἐτίσατο λαχνήεντας, τοὺς δʼ ἐκ Πηλίου ὦσε καὶ Αἰθίκεσσι πέλασσεν· οὐκ οἶος, ἅμα τῷ γε Λεοντεὺς ὄζος Ἄρηος υἱὸς ὑπερθύμοιο Κορώνου Καινεΐδαο· τοῖς δʼ ἅμα τεσσαράκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο. Γουνεὺς δʼ ἐκ Κύφου ἦγε δύω καὶ εἴκοσι νῆας· τῷ δʼ Ἐνιῆνες ἕποντο μενεπτόλεμοί τε Περαιβοὶ οἳ περὶ Δωδώνην δυσχείμερον οἰκίʼ ἔθεντο, οἵ τʼ ἀμφʼ ἱμερτὸν Τιταρησσὸν ἔργα νέμοντο ὅς ῥʼ ἐς Πηνειὸν προΐει καλλίρροον ὕδωρ, οὐδʼ ὅ γε Πηνειῷ συμμίσγεται ἀργυροδίνῃ, ἀλλά τέ μιν καθύπερθεν ἐπιρρέει ἠΰτʼ ἔλαιον· ὅρκου γὰρ δεινοῦ Στυγὸς ὕδατός ἐστιν ἀπορρώξ.

Lattimore commentary

The “hairy beast men” are Centaurs, humans with the lower bodies of horses, who dwelled in the woods of Mount Pelion. Cheiron, the wisest of them, was tutor to many heroes, including Achilleus, but his brethren were lawless and uncontrolled, especially when exposed to wine. The battle of the Lapiths with the Centaurs is alluded to at 1.262–68. Titaressos contains waters of the Styx, the underworld river by which oaths are taken. Two other rivers associated with the underworld are also connected, above ground, with the Pindos mountain region of northwestern Greece (Akheron and Kokutos).

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Lines 756–770

These were the leaders of the Danaans and their lords. But who was far the best among them do thou tell me, Muse—best of the warriors and of the horses that followed with the sons of Atreus. Of horses best by far were the mares of the son of Pheres, those that Eumelas drave, swift as birds, like of coat, like of age, their backs as even as a levelling line could make. These had Apollo of the silver bow reared in Pereia, both of them mares, bearing with them the panic of war. And of warriors far best was Telamonian Aias, while yet Achilles cherished his wrath; for Achilles was far the mightiest, he and the horses that bare the peerless son of Peleus. Howbeit he abode amid his beaked, seafaring ships in utter wrath against Agamemnon, Atreus' son, shepherd of the host; and his people along the sea-shore took their joy in casting the discus and the javelin, and in archery;

Μαγνήτων δʼ ἦρχε Πρόθοος Τενθρηδόνος υἱός, οἳ περὶ Πηνειὸν καὶ Πήλιον εἰνοσίφυλλον ναίεσκον· τῶν μὲν Πρόθοος θοὸς ἡγεμόνευε, τῷ δʼ ἅμα τεσσαράκοντα μέλαιναι νῆες ἕποντο. οὗτοι ἄρʼ ἡγεμόνες Δαναῶν καὶ κοίρανοι ἦσαν· τίς τὰρ τῶν ὄχʼ ἄριστος ἔην σύ μοι ἔννεπε Μοῦσα αὐτῶν ἠδʼ ἵππων, οἳ ἅμʼ Ἀτρεΐδῃσιν ἕποντο. ἵπποι μὲν μέγʼ ἄρισται ἔσαν Φηρητιάδαο, τὰς Εὔμηλος ἔλαυνε ποδώκεας ὄρνιθας ὣς ὄτριχας οἰέτεας σταφύλῇ ἐπὶ νῶτον ἐΐσας· τὰς ἐν Πηρείῃ θρέψʼ ἀργυρότοξος Ἀπόλλων ἄμφω θηλείας, φόβον Ἄρηος φορεούσας. ἀνδρῶν αὖ μέγʼ ἄριστος ἔην Τελαμώνιος Αἴας ὄφρʼ Ἀχιλεὺς μήνιεν· ὃ γὰρ πολὺ φέρτατος ἦεν, ἵπποι θʼ οἳ φορέεσκον ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐωνα.

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Lines 771–785

and their horses each beside his own car, eating lotus and parsley of the marsh, stood idle, while the chariots were set, well covered up, in the huts of their masters. But the men, longing for their captain, dear to Ares, roared hither and thither through the camp, and fought not. So marched they then as though all the land were swept with fire; and the earth groaned beneath them, as beneath Zeus that hurleth the thunderbolt in his wrath, when he scourgeth the land about Typhoeus in the country of the Arimi, where men say is the couch of Typhoeus. Even so the earth groaned greatly beneath their tread as they went; and full swiftly did they speed across the plain. And to the Trojans went, as a messenger from Zeus that beareth the aegis, wind-footed, swift Iris with a grievous message. These were holding assembly at Priam's gate, all gathered in one body, the young men alike and the elders.

ἀλλʼ ὃ μὲν ἐν νήεσσι κορωνίσι ποντοπόροισι κεῖτʼ ἀπομηνίσας Ἀγαμέμνονι ποιμένι λαῶν Ἀτρεΐδῃ· λαοὶ δὲ παρὰ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης δίσκοισιν τέρποντο καὶ αἰγανέῃσιν ἱέντες τόξοισίν θʼ· ἵπποι δὲ παρʼ ἅρμασιν οἷσιν ἕκαστος λωτὸν ἐρεπτόμενοι ἐλεόθρεπτόν τε σέλινον ἕστασαν· ἅρματα δʼ εὖ πεπυκασμένα κεῖτο ἀνάκτων ἐν κλισίῃς· οἳ δʼ ἀρχὸν ἀρηΐφιλον ποθέοντες φοίτων ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα κατὰ στρατὸν οὐδὲ μάχοντο. οἳ δʼ ἄρʼ ἴσαν ὡς εἴ τε πυρὶ χθὼν πᾶσα νέμοιτο· γαῖα δʼ ὑπεστενάχιζε Διὶ ὣς τερπικεραύνῳ χωομένῳ ὅτε τʼ ἀμφὶ Τυφωέϊ γαῖαν ἱμάσσῃ εἰν Ἀρίμοις, ὅθι φασὶ Τυφωέος ἔμμεναι εὐνάς· ὣς ἄρα τῶν ὑπὸ ποσσὶ μέγα στεναχίζετο γαῖα ἐρχομένων· μάλα δʼ ὦκα διέπρησσον πεδίοιο.

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pothos

Lines 786–795

And swift-footed Iris stood near and spake to them; and she made her voice like to that of Polites, son of Priam, who was wont to sit as a sentinel of the Trojans, trusting in his fleetness of foot, on the topmost part of the barrow of aged Aesyetes, awaiting until the Achaeans should sally forth from their ships. Likening herself to him swifted-footed Iris spake to Priam, saying: Old sir, ever are endless words dear to thee, now even as of yore in time of peace; but war unabating is afoot. Verily full often have I entered ere now into battles of warriors, but never yet have I seen a host so goodly and so great;for most like to the leaves or the sands are they, as they march over the plain to fight against the city. Hector, to thee beyond all others do I give command, and do thou even according to my word. Inasmuch as there are allies full many throughout the great city of Priam, and tongue differs from tongue among men that are scattered abroad;let each one therefore give the word to those whose captain he is, and these let him lead forth, when he has marshalled the men of his own city. So spake she, and Hector in no wise failed to know the voice of the goddess, but forthwith brake up the gathering; and they rushed to arms. The gates one and all were opened wide, and forth the folk hasted,

Τρωσὶν δʼ ἄγγελος ἦλθε ποδήνεμος ὠκέα Ἶρις πὰρ Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο σὺν ἀγγελίῃ ἀλεγεινῇ· οἳ δʼ ἀγορὰς ἀγόρευον ἐπὶ Πριάμοιο θύρῃσι πάντες ὁμηγερέες ἠμὲν νέοι ἠδὲ γέροντες· ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱσταμένη προσέφη πόδας ὠκέα Ἶρις· εἴσατο δὲ φθογγὴν υἷϊ Πριάμοιο Πολίτῃ, ὃς Τρώων σκοπὸς ἷζε ποδωκείῃσι πεποιθὼς τύμβῳ ἐπʼ ἀκροτάτῳ Αἰσυήταο γέροντος, δέγμενος ὁππότε ναῦφιν ἀφορμηθεῖεν Ἀχαιοί· τῷ μιν ἐεισαμένη προσέφη πόδας ὠκέα Ἶρις·

Lattimore commentary

The barrow of Aisyetes is one of several tombs mentioned as being on the Trojan plain (e. g., Myrina at 2.814 and Ilos at 10.415). The topography is accurate, as the plain is studded even today with ancient mounds.

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Iris-polites to Priam

Lines 796–806

for most like to the leaves or the sands are they, as they march over the plain to fight against the city. Hector, to thee beyond all others do I give command, and do thou even according to my word. Inasmuch as there are allies full many throughout the great city of Priam, and tongue differs from tongue among men that are scattered abroad; let each one therefore give the word to those whose captain he is, and these let him lead forth, when he has marshalled the men of his own city.

ὦ γέρον αἰεί τοι μῦθοι φίλοι ἄκριτοί εἰσιν, ὥς ποτʼ ἐπʼ εἰρήνης· πόλεμος δʼ ἀλίαστος ὄρωρεν. ἤδη μὲν μάλα πολλὰ μάχας εἰσήλυθον ἀνδρῶν, ἀλλʼ οὔ πω τοιόνδε τοσόνδέ τε λαὸν ὄπωπα· λίην γὰρ φύλλοισιν ἐοικότες ἢ ψαμάθοισιν ἔρχονται πεδίοιο μαχησόμενοι προτὶ ἄστυ. Ἕκτορ σοὶ δὲ μάλιστʼ ἐπιτέλλομαι, ὧδε δὲ ῥέξαι· πολλοὶ γὰρ κατὰ ἄστυ μέγα Πριάμου ἐπίκουροι, ἄλλη δʼ ἄλλων γλῶσσα πολυσπερέων ἀνθρώπων· τοῖσιν ἕκαστος ἀνὴρ σημαινέτω οἷσί περ ἄρχει, τῶν δʼ ἐξηγείσθω κοσμησάμενος πολιήτας.

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Lines 807–821

both footmen and charioteers; and a great din arose. Now there is before the city a steep mound afar out in the plain, with a clear space about it on this side and on that; this do men verily call Batieia, but the immortals call it the barrow of Myrine, light of step. There on this day did the Trojans and their allies separate their companies. The Trojans were led by great Hector of the flashing helm, the son of Priam, and with him were marshalled the greatest hosts by far and the goodliest, raging with the spear. even Aeneas, whom fair Aphrodite conceived to Anchises amid the spurs of Ida, a goddess couched with a mortal man. Not alone was he; with him were Antenor's two sons, Archelochus and Acamas, well skilled in all manner of fighting. And they that dwelt in Zeleia beneath the nethermost foot of Ida,

ὣς ἔφαθʼ, Ἕκτωρ δʼ οὔ τι θεᾶς ἔπος ἠγνοίησεν, αἶψα δʼ ἔλυσʼ ἀγορήν· ἐπὶ τεύχεα δʼ ἐσσεύοντο· πᾶσαι δʼ ὠΐγνυντο πύλαι, ἐκ δʼ ἔσσυτο λαὸς πεζοί θʼ ἱππῆές τε· πολὺς δʼ ὀρυμαγδὸς ὀρώρει. ἔστι δέ τις προπάροιθε πόλιος αἰπεῖα κολώνη ἐν πεδίῳ ἀπάνευθε περίδρομος ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα, τὴν ἤτοι ἄνδρες Βατίειαν κικλήσκουσιν, ἀθάνατοι δέ τε σῆμα πολυσκάρθμοιο Μυρίνης· ἔνθα τότε Τρῶές τε διέκριθεν ἠδʼ ἐπίκουροι. Τρωσὶ μὲν ἡγεμόνευε μέγας κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ Πριαμίδης· ἅμα τῷ γε πολὺ πλεῖστοι καὶ ἄριστοι λαοὶ θωρήσσοντο μεμαότες ἐγχείῃσι. Δαρδανίων αὖτʼ ἦρχεν ἐῢς πάϊς Ἀγχίσαο Αἰνείας, τὸν ὑπʼ Ἀγχίσῃ τέκε δῖʼ Ἀφροδίτη Ἴδης ἐν κνημοῖσι θεὰ βροτῷ εὐνηθεῖσα,

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Lines 822–836

men of wealth, that drink the dark water of Aesepus, even the Troes, these again were led by the glorious son of Lycaon, Pandarus, to whom Apollo himself gave the bow. And they that held Adrasteia and the land of Apaesus, and that held Pityeia and the steep mount of Tereia, these were led by Adrastus and Araphius, with corslet of linen, sons twain of Merops of Percote, that was above all men skilled in prophesying, and would not suffer his sons to go into war, the bane of men. But the twain would in no wise hearken, for the fates of black death were leading them on. And they that dwelt about Percote and Practius, and that held Sestus and Abydus and goodly Arisbe, these again were led by Hyrtacus' son Asius, a leader of men—Asius, son of Hyrtacus, whom his horses tawny and tall had borne from Arisbe, from the river Selleïs.

οὐκ οἶος, ἅμα τῷ γε δύω Ἀντήνορος υἷε Ἀρχέλοχός τʼ Ἀκάμας τε μάχης εὖ εἰδότε πάσης. οἳ δὲ Ζέλειαν ἔναιον ὑπαὶ πόδα νείατον Ἴδης ἀφνειοὶ πίνοντες ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο Τρῶες, τῶν αὖτʼ ἦρχε Λυκάονος ἀγλαὸς υἱὸς Πάνδαρος, ᾧ καὶ τόξον Ἀπόλλων αὐτὸς ἔδωκεν. οἳ δʼ Ἀδρήστειάν τʼ εἶχον καὶ δῆμον Ἀπαισοῦ καὶ Πιτύειαν ἔχον καὶ Τηρείης ὄρος αἰπύ, τῶν ἦρχʼ Ἄδρηστός τε καὶ Ἄμφιος λινοθώρηξ υἷε δύω Μέροπος Περκωσίου, ὃς περὶ πάντων ᾔδεε μαντοσύνας, οὐδὲ οὓς παῖδας ἔασκε στείχειν ἐς πόλεμον φθισήνορα· τὼ δέ οἱ οὔ τι πειθέσθην· κῆρες γὰρ ἄγον μέλανος θανάτοιο. οἳ δʼ ἄρα Περκώτην καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο καὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον ἔχον καὶ δῖαν Ἀρίσβην,

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Lines 837–851

And Hippothous led the tribes of the Pelasgi, that rage with the spear, even them that dwelt in deep-soiled Larisa; these were led by Hippothous and Pylaeus, scion of Ares, sons twain of Pelasgian Lethus, son of Teutamus. But the Thracians Acamas led and Peirous, the warrior, even all them that the strong stream of the Hellespont encloseth. And Euphemus was captain of the Ciconian spearmen, the son of Ceas' son Troezenus, nurtured of Zeus. But Pyraechmes led the Paeonians, with curved bows, from afar, out of Amydon from the wide-flowing Axius— Axius the water whereof floweth the fairest over the face of the earth. And the Paphlagonians did Pylaemenes of the shaggy1 heart lead from the land of the Eneti, whence is the race of wild she-mules. These were they that held Cytorus and dwelt about Sesamon, and had their famed dwellings around the river Parthenius

τῶν αὖθʼ Ὑρτακίδης ἦρχʼ Ἄσιος ὄρχαμος ἀνδρῶν, Ἄσιος Ὑρτακίδης ὃν Ἀρίσβηθεν φέρον ἵπποι αἴθωνες μεγάλοι ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος. Ἱππόθοος δʼ ἄγε φῦλα Πελασγῶν ἐγχεσιμώρων τῶν οἳ Λάρισαν ἐριβώλακα ναιετάασκον· τῶν ἦρχʼ Ἱππόθοός τε Πύλαιός τʼ ὄζος Ἄρηος, υἷε δύω Λήθοιο Πελασγοῦ Τευταμίδαο. αὐτὰρ Θρήϊκας ἦγʼ Ἀκάμας καὶ Πείροος ἥρως ὅσσους Ἑλλήσποντος ἀγάρροος ἐντὸς ἐέργει. Εὔφημος δʼ ἀρχὸς Κικόνων ἦν αἰχμητάων υἱὸς Τροιζήνοιο διοτρεφέος Κεάδαο. αὐτὰρ Πυραίχμης ἄγε Παίονας ἀγκυλοτόξους τηλόθεν ἐξ Ἀμυδῶνος ἀπʼ Ἀξιοῦ εὐρὺ ῥέοντος, Ἀξιοῦ οὗ κάλλιστον ὕδωρ ἐπικίδναται αἶαν. Παφλαγόνων δʼ ἡγεῖτο Πυλαιμένεος λάσιον κῆρ

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kradie

Lines 852–866

and Cromna and Aegialus and lofty Erythini. But of the Halizones Odius and Epistrophus were captains from afar, from Alybe, where is the birth-place of silver. but was slain beneath the hands of the son of Aeacus, swift of foot, in the river, where Achilles was making havoc of the Trojans and the others as well. And Phorcys and godlike Ascanius led the Phrygians from afar, from Ascania, and were eager to fight in the press of battle. And the Maeonians had captains twain, Mesthles and Antiphus, the two sons of TaIaemenes, whose mother was the nymph of the Gygaean lake; and they led the Maeonians, whose birth was beneath Tmolas. And Nastes again led the Carians, uncouth of speech, who held Miletus and the mountain of Phthires, dense with its leafage, and the streams of Maeander, and the steep crests of Mycale.

ἐξ Ἐνετῶν, ὅθεν ἡμιόνων γένος ἀγροτεράων, οἵ ῥα Κύτωρον ἔχον καὶ Σήσαμον ἀμφενέμοντο ἀμφί τε Παρθένιον ποταμὸν κλυτὰ δώματʼ ἔναιον Κρῶμνάν τʼ Αἰγιαλόν τε καὶ ὑψηλοὺς Ἐρυθίνους. αὐτὰρ Ἁλιζώνων Ὀδίος καὶ Ἐπίστροφος ἦρχον τηλόθεν ἐξ Ἀλύβης, ὅθεν ἀργύρου ἐστὶ γενέθλη. Μυσῶν δὲ Χρόμις ἦρχε καὶ Ἔννομος οἰωνιστής· ἀλλʼ οὐκ οἰωνοῖσιν ἐρύσατο κῆρα μέλαιναν, ἀλλʼ ἐδάμη ὑπὸ χερσὶ ποδώκεος Αἰακίδαο ἐν ποταμῷ, ὅθι περ Τρῶας κεράϊζε καὶ ἄλλους. Φόρκυς αὖ Φρύγας ἦγε καὶ Ἀσκάνιος θεοειδὴς τῆλʼ ἐξ Ἀσκανίης· μέμασαν δʼ ὑσμῖνι μάχεσθαι. Μῄοσιν αὖ Μέσθλης τε καὶ Ἄντιφος ἡγησάσθην υἷε Ταλαιμένεος τὼ Γυγαίη τέκε λίμνη, οἳ καὶ Μῄονας ἦγον ὑπὸ Τμώλῳ γεγαῶτας.

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Lines 867–877

These were led by captains twain, Amphimachus and Nastes—Nastes and Amphimachus, the glorious children of Nomion. And he1 came to the war all decked with gold, like a girl, fool that he was; but his gold in no wise availed to ward off woeful destruction; nay, he was slain in the river beneath the hands of the son of Aeacus, swift of foot; and Achilles, wise of heart, bare off the gold. And Sarpedon and peerless Glaucus were captains of the Lycians from afar out of Lycia, from the eddying Xanthus.

Νάστης αὖ Καρῶν ἡγήσατο βαρβαροφώνων, οἳ Μίλητον ἔχον Φθιρῶν τʼ ὄρος ἀκριτόφυλλον Μαιάνδρου τε ῥοὰς Μυκάλης τʼ αἰπεινὰ κάρηνα· τῶν μὲν ἄρʼ Ἀμφίμαχος καὶ Νάστης ἡγησάσθην, Νάστης Ἀμφίμαχός τε Νομίονος ἀγλαὰ τέκνα, ὃς καὶ χρυσὸν ἔχων πόλεμον δʼ ἴεν ἠΰτε κούρη νήπιος, οὐδέ τί οἱ τό γʼ ἐπήρκεσε λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον, ἀλλʼ ἐδάμη ὑπὸ χερσὶ ποδώκεος Αἰακίδαο ἐν ποταμῷ, χρυσὸν δʼ Ἀχιλεὺς ἐκόμισσε δαΐφρων. Σαρπηδὼν δʼ ἦρχεν Λυκίων καὶ Γλαῦκος ἀμύμων τηλόθεν ἐκ Λυκίης, Ξάνθου ἄπο δινήεντος.

Lattimore commentary

The “outland” (literally “barbarous sounding”) speech of the Karians seems to be an archaizing touch, as Greek-speakers inhabited the place from Mykenaian times onward. But there is evidence Karian did survive alongside the newcomers’ tongue even through the Classical period. Nastes, “like a girl,” is a grace note to the Catalogue of Trojan Allies, an elegiac touch that contrasts the pomp and beauty of war with its darker realities of death. He is never mentioned again.

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Dream-nestor to Agamemnon

Lines 60–70

εὕδεις Ἀτρέος υἱὲ δαΐφρονος ἱπποδάμοιο· οὐ χρὴ παννύχιον εὕδειν βουληφόρον ἄνδρα, ᾧ λαοί τʼ ἐπιτετράφαται καὶ τόσσα μέμηλε· νῦν δʼ ἐμέθεν ξύνες ὦκα· Διὸς δέ τοι ἄγγελός εἰμι, ὃς σεῦ ἄνευθεν ἐὼν μέγα κήδεται ἠδʼ ἐλεαίρει· θωρῆξαί σε κέλευσε κάρη κομόωντας Ἀχαιοὺς πανσυδίῃ· νῦν γάρ κεν ἕλοις πόλιν εὐρυάγυιαν Τρώων· οὐ γὰρ ἔτʼ ἀμφὶς Ὀλύμπια δώματʼ ἔχοντες ἀθάνατοι φράζονται· ἐπέγναμψεν γὰρ ἅπαντας Ἥρη λισσομένη, Τρώεσσι δὲ κήδεʼ ἐφῆπται ἐκ Διός· ἀλλὰ σὺ σῇσιν ἔχε φρεσίν· ὣς ὃ μὲν εἰπὼν

Lattimore commentary

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