Seba.Health

The Iliad · Book 14

68 passages · 28 speeches · 49 psychological term instances

Lines 1–2
And the cry of battle was not unmarked of Nestor, albeit at his wine, but he spake winged words to the son of Asclepius: Bethink thee, goodly Machaon, how these things are to be; louder in sooth by the ships waxes the cry of lusty youths.Howbeit do thou now sit where thou art and quaff the flaming wine, until fair-tressed Hecamede shall heat for thee a warm bath, and wash from thee the clotted blood, but I will go straightway to a place of outlook and see what is toward. So spake he and took the well-wrought shield of his son,
Νέστορα δʼ οὐκ ἔλαθεν ἰαχὴ πίνοντά περ ἔμπης, ἀλλʼ Ἀσκληπιάδην ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·
Lines 3–8
Howbeit do thou now sit where thou art and quaff the flaming wine, until fair-tressed Hecamede shall heat for thee a warm bath, and wash from thee the clotted blood, but I will go straightway to a place of outlook and see what is toward.
φράζεο δῖε Μαχᾶον ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα· μείζων δὴ παρὰ νηυσὶ βοὴ θαλερῶν αἰζηῶν. ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν νῦν πῖνε καθήμενος αἴθοπα οἶνον εἰς κε θερμὰ λοετρὰ ἐϋπλόκαμος Ἑκαμήδη θερμήνῃ καὶ λούσῃ ἄπο βρότον αἱματόεντα· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἐλθὼν τάχα εἴσομαι ἐς περιωπήν.
Lines 9–23
horse-taming Thrasymedes, that was lying in the hut, all gleaming with bronze; but the son had the shield of his father. And he grasped a valorous spear, tipped with sharp bronze, and took his stand outside the hut, and forthwith saw a deed of shame, even the Achaeans in rout and the Trojans high of heart driving them; and the wall of the Achaeans was broken down. And as when the great sea heaveth darkly with a soundless swell, and forebodeth the swift paths of the shrill winds, albeit but vaguely, nor do its waves roll forward to this side or to that until some settled gale cometh down from Zeus; even so the old man pondered, his mind divided this way and that, whether he should haste into the throng of the Danaans of swift steeds, or go after Agamemnon, son of Atreus, shepherd of the host. And as he pondered, this thing seemed to him the better—to go after the son of Atreus. But the others meanwhile were fighting on and slaying one another,
ὣς εἰπὼν σάκος εἷλε τετυγμένον υἷος ἑοῖο κείμενον ἐν κλισίῃ Θρασυμήδεος ἱπποδάμοιο χαλκῷ παμφαῖνον· δʼ ἔχʼ ἀσπίδα πατρὸς ἑοῖο. εἵλετο δʼ ἄλκιμον ἔγχος ἀκαχμένον ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, στῆ δʼ ἐκτὸς κλισίης, τάχα δʼ εἴσιδεν ἔργον ἀεικὲς τοὺς μὲν ὀρινομένους, τοὺς δὲ κλονέοντας ὄπισθε Τρῶας ὑπερθύμους· ἐρέριπτο δὲ τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν. ὡς δʼ ὅτε πορφύρῃ πέλαγος μέγα κύματι κωφῷ ὀσσόμενον λιγέων ἀνέμων λαιψηρὰ κέλευθα αὔτως, οὐδʼ ἄρα τε προκυλίνδεται οὐδετέρωσε, πρίν τινα κεκριμένον καταβήμεναι ἐκ Διὸς οὖρον, ὣς γέρων ὅρμαινε δαϊζόμενος κατὰ θυμὸν διχθάδιʼ, μεθʼ ὅμιλον ἴοι Δαναῶν ταχυπώλων, ἦε μετʼ Ἀτρεΐδην Ἀγαμέμνονα ποιμένα λαῶν. ὧδε δέ οἱ φρονέοντι δοάσσατο κέρδιον εἶναι
Lattimore commentary
The simile is remarkable because the powerful image of sea and wind—usually describing the actual movement of armies—is here transferred to Nestor’s mental and emotional turmoil as he decides on his direction.
Lines 24–38
and about their bodies rang the stubborn bronze, as they thrust one at the other with swords and two-edged spears. Far apart from the battle were their ships drawn up on the shore of the grey sea; for these had they drawn up to land in the foremost row, but had builded the wall close to the hindmost.69.1 For albeit the beach was wide, yet might it in no wise hold all the ships, and the host was straitened; wherefore they had drawn up the ships row behind row, and had filled up the wide mouth of all the shore that the headlands shut in between them. The kings therefore were faring all in one body, leaning each on his spear, to look upon the war and the combat, and grieved were the hearts in their breasts.
βῆναι ἐπʼ Ἀτρεΐδην. οἳ δʼ ἀλλήλους ἐνάριζον μαρνάμενοι· λάκε δέ σφι περὶ χροῒ χαλκὸς ἀτειρὴς νυσσομένων ξίφεσίν τε καὶ ἔγχεσιν ἀμφιγύοισι. Νέστορι δὲ ξύμβληντο διοτρεφέες βασιλῆες πὰρ νηῶν ἀνιόντες ὅσοι βεβλήατο χαλκῷ Τυδεΐδης Ὀδυσεύς τε καὶ Ἀτρεΐδης Ἀγαμέμνων. πολλὸν γάρ ῥʼ ἀπάνευθε μάχης εἰρύατο νῆες θῖνʼ ἔφʼ ἁλὸς πολιῆς· τὰς γὰρ πρώτας πεδίον δὲ εἴρυσαν, αὐτὰρ τεῖχος ἐπὶ πρύμνῃσιν ἔδειμαν. οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδʼ εὐρύς περ ἐὼν ἐδυνήσατο πάσας αἰγιαλὸς νῆας χαδέειν, στείνοντο δὲ λαοί· τώ ῥα προκρόσσας ἔρυσαν, καὶ πλῆσαν ἁπάσης ἠϊόνος στόμα μακρόν, ὅσον συνεέργαθον ἄκραι. τώ ῥʼ οἵ γʼ ὀψείοντες ἀϋτῆς καὶ πολέμοιο ἔγχει ἐρειδόμενοι κίον ἀθρόοι· ἄχνυτο δέ σφι
Lines 39–41
And old Nestor met them, and made the spirit to quail in the breasts of the Achaeans. Then lord Agamemnon lifted up his voice and spake to him: O Nestor, son of Neleus, great glory of the Achaeans, wherefore hast thou left the war, the bane of men, and come hither? I fear me lest in sooth mighty Hector make good his word and the threats wherewith on a time he threatened us,as he spake amid the Trojans, even that he would not return to Ilios from the ships till he had burned the ships with fire and furthermore slain the men. On this wise spake he, and now all this is verily being brought to pass. Out upon it! surely the other well-greaved Achaeansare laying up wrath against me in their hearts, even as doth Achilles, and have no mind to fight by the sterns of the ships. Then made answer to him the horseman Nestor of Gerenia: Yea, verily, these things have now been brought to pass and are here at hand, neither could Zeus himself, that thundereth on high, fashion them otherwise.For, lo, the wall has been thrown down, wherein we put our trust that it should be an unbreakable bulwark for our ships and ourselves. And the foemen at the swift ships maintain a ceaseless fight, and make no end; nor couldst thou any more tell, wert thou to look never so closely, from what side the Achaeans are driven in rout,so confusedly are they slain, and the cry of battle goeth up to heaven. But for us, let us take thought how these things are to be, if so be wit may aught avail. But into the war I bid not that we should enter; in no wise may a wounded man do battle.
θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν. δὲ ξύμβλητο γεραιὸς Νέστωρ, πτῆξε δὲ θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν Ἀχαιῶν. τὸν καὶ φωνήσας προσέφη κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων·
Lines 42–51
as he spake amid the Trojans, even that he would not return to Ilios from the ships till he had burned the ships with fire and furthermore slain the men. On this wise spake he, and now all this is verily being brought to pass. Out upon it! surely the other well-greaved Achaeans are laying up wrath against me in their hearts, even as doth Achilles, and have no mind to fight by the sterns of the ships.
Νέστορ Νηληϊάδη μέγα κῦδος Ἀχαιῶν τίπτε λιπὼν πόλεμον φθισήνορα δεῦρʼ ἀφικάνεις; δείδω μὴ δή μοι τελέσῃ ἔπος ὄβριμος Ἕκτωρ, ὥς ποτʼ ἐπηπείλησεν ἐνὶ Τρώεσσʼ ἀγορεύων μὴ πρὶν πὰρ νηῶν προτὶ Ἴλιον ἀπονέεσθαι πρὶν πυρὶ νῆας ἐνιπρῆσαι, κτεῖναι δὲ καὶ αὐτούς. κεῖνος τὼς ἀγόρευε· τὰ δὴ νῦν πάντα τελεῖται. πόποι ῥα καὶ ἄλλοι ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοὶ ἐν θυμῷ βάλλονται ἐμοὶ χόλον ὥς περ Ἀχιλλεὺς οὐδʼ ἐθέλουσι μάχεσθαι ἐπὶ πρυμνῇσι νέεσσι.
Lines 52
τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα Γερήνιος ἱππότα Νέστωρ·
Lines 53–63
For, lo, the wall has been thrown down, wherein we put our trust that it should be an unbreakable bulwark for our ships and ourselves. And the foemen at the swift ships maintain a ceaseless fight, and make no end; nor couldst thou any more tell, wert thou to look never so closely, from what side the Achaeans are driven in rout, so confusedly are they slain, and the cry of battle goeth up to heaven. But for us, let us take thought how these things are to be, if so be wit may aught avail. But into the war I bid not that we should enter; in no wise may a wounded man do battle.
δὴ ταῦτά γʼ ἑτοῖμα τετεύχαται, οὐδέ κεν ἄλλως Ζεὺς ὑψιβρεμέτης αὐτὸς παρατεκτήναιτο. τεῖχος μὲν γὰρ δὴ κατερήριπεν, ἐπέπιθμεν ἄρρηκτον νηῶν τε καὶ αὐτῶν εἶλαρ ἔσεσθαι· οἳ δʼ ἐπὶ νηυσὶ θοῇσι μάχην ἀλίαστον ἔχουσι νωλεμές· οὐδʼ ἂν ἔτι γνοίης μάλα περ σκοπιάζων ὁπποτέρωθεν Ἀχαιοὶ ὀρινόμενοι κλονέονται, ὡς ἐπιμὶξ κτείνονται, ἀϋτὴ δʼ οὐρανὸν ἵκει. ἡμεῖς δὲ φραζώμεθʼ ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα εἴ τι νόος ῥέξει· πόλεμον δʼ οὐκ ἄμμε κελεύω δύμεναι· οὐ γάρ πως βεβλημένον ἐστὶ μάχεσθαι.
Lines 64
τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων·
Lines 65–81
Nestor, seeing they are fighting at the sterns of the ships, and the well-built wall hath availed not, nor in any wise the trench, whereat the Danaans laboured sore, and hoped in their hearts that it would be an unbreakable bulwark for their ships and for themselves—even so, I ween, must it be the good pleasure of Zeus, supreme in might,that the Achaeans should perish here far from Argos, and have no name. I knew it when with a ready heart he was aiding the Danaans, and I know it now when he is giving glory to our foes, even as to the blessed gods, and hath bound our might and our hands. Nay, come, even as I shall bid, let us all obey.Let us drag down the ships that are drawn up in the first line hard by the sea, and let us draw them all forth into the bright sea, and moor them afloat with anchor-stones, till immortal night shall come, if so be that even at her bidding the Trojans will refrain from war; and thereafter might we drag down all the ships.For in sooth I count it not shame to flee from ruin, nay, not though it be by night. Better it is if one fleeth from ruin and escapeth, than if he be taken. Then with an angry glance from beneath his brows Odysseus of many wiles addressed him: Son of Atreus, what a word hath escaped the barrier of thy teeth! Doomed man that thou art, would that thou wert in command of some other, inglorious army,and not king over us, to whom Zeus hath given, from youth right up to age, to wind the skein of grievous wars till we perish, every man of us. Art thou in truth thus eager to leave behind thee the broad-wayed city of the Trojans, for the sake of which we endure many grievous woes?Be silent, lest some other of the Achaeans hear this word, that no man should in any wise suffer to pass through his mouth at all, no man who hath understanding in his heart to utter things that are right, and who is a sceptred king to whom hosts so many yield obedience as are the Argives among whom thou art lord.But now have I altogether scorn of thy wits, that thou speakest thus, seeing thou biddest us, when war and battle are afoot, draw down our well-benched ships to the sea, that so even more than before the Trojans may have their desire, they that be victors even now, and that on us utter destruction may fall. For the Achaeanswill not maintain their fight once the ships are drawn down to the sea, but will ever be looking away, and will withdraw them from battle. Then will thy counsel prove our bane, thou leader of hosts. that the Achaeans should perish here far from Argos, and have no name. I knew it when with a ready heart he was aiding the Danaans, and I know it now when he is giving glory to our foes, even as to the blessed gods, and hath bound our might and our hands. Nay, come, even as I shall bid, let us all obey. Let us drag down the ships that are drawn up in the first line hard by the sea, and let us draw them all forth into the bright sea, and moor them afloat with anchor-stones, till immortal night shall come, if so be that even at her bidding the Trojans will refrain from war; and thereafter might we drag down all the ships. For in sooth I count it not shame to flee from ruin, nay, not though it be by night. Better it is if one fleeth from ruin and escapeth, than if he be taken.
Νέστορ ἐπεὶ δὴ νηυσὶν ἔπι πρυμνῇσι μάχονται, τεῖχος δʼ οὐκ ἔχραισμε τετυγμένον, οὐδέ τι τάφρος, ἔπι πολλὰ πάθον Δαναοί, ἔλποντο δὲ θυμῷ ἄρρηκτον νηῶν τε καὶ αὐτῶν εἶλαρ ἔσεσθαι· οὕτω που Διὶ μέλλει ὑπερμενέϊ φίλον εἶναι νωνύμνους ἀπολέσθαι ἀπʼ Ἄργεος ἐνθάδʼ Ἀχαιούς. ᾔδεα μὲν γὰρ ὅτε πρόφρων Δαναοῖσιν ἄμυνεν, οἶδα δὲ νῦν ὅτε τοὺς μὲν ὁμῶς μακάρεσσι θεοῖσι κυδάνει, ἡμέτερον δὲ μένος καὶ χεῖρας ἔδησεν. ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ ὡς ἂν ἐγὼν εἴπω πειθώμεθα πάντες. νῆες ὅσαι πρῶται εἰρύαται ἄγχι θαλάσσης ἕλκωμεν, πάσας δὲ ἐρύσσομεν εἰς ἅλα δῖαν, ὕψι δʼ ἐπʼ εὐνάων ὁρμίσσομεν, εἰς κεν ἔλθῃ νὺξ ἀβρότη, ἢν καὶ τῇ ἀπόσχωνται πολέμοιο Τρῶες· ἔπειτα δέ κεν ἐρυσαίμεθα νῆας ἁπάσας. οὐ γάρ τις νέμεσις φυγέειν κακόν, οὐδʼ ἀνὰ νύκτα. βέλτερον ὃς φεύγων προφύγῃ κακὸν ἠὲ ἁλώῃ.
Lines 82
τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς·
Lines 83–102
and not king over us, to whom Zeus hath given, from youth right up to age, to wind the skein of grievous wars till we perish, every man of us. Art thou in truth thus eager to leave behind thee the broad-wayed city of the Trojans, for the sake of which we endure many grievous woes? Be silent, lest some other of the Achaeans hear this word, that no man should in any wise suffer to pass through his mouth at all, no man who hath understanding in his heart to utter things that are right, and who is a sceptred king to whom hosts so many yield obedience as are the Argives among whom thou art lord. But now have I altogether scorn of thy wits, that thou speakest thus, seeing thou biddest us, when war and battle are afoot, draw down our well-benched ships to the sea, that so even more than before the Trojans may have their desire, they that be victors even now, and that on us utter destruction may fall. For the Achaeans will not maintain their fight once the ships are drawn down to the sea, but will ever be looking away, and will withdraw them from battle. Then will thy counsel prove our bane, thou leader of hosts.
Ἀτρεΐδη ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων· οὐλόμενʼ αἴθʼ ὤφελλες ἀεικελίου στρατοῦ ἄλλου σημαίνειν, μὴ δʼ ἄμμιν ἀνασσέμεν, οἷσιν ἄρα Ζεὺς ἐκ νεότητος ἔδωκε καὶ ἐς γῆρας τολυπεύειν ἀργαλέους πολέμους, ὄφρα φθιόμεσθα ἕκαστος. οὕτω δὴ μέμονας Τρώων πόλιν εὐρυάγυιαν καλλείψειν, ἧς εἵνεκʼ ὀϊζύομεν κακὰ πολλά; σίγα, μή τίς τʼ ἄλλος Ἀχαιῶν τοῦτον ἀκούσῃ μῦθον, ὃν οὔ κεν ἀνήρ γε διὰ στόμα πάμπαν ἄγοιτο ὅς τις ἐπίσταιτο ᾗσι φρεσὶν ἄρτια βάζειν σκηπτοῦχός τʼ εἴη, καί οἱ πειθοίατο λαοὶ τοσσοίδʼ ὅσσοισιν σὺ μετʼ Ἀργείοισιν ἀνάσσεις· νῦν δέ σευ ὠνοσάμην πάγχυ φρένας, οἷον ἔειπες· ὃς κέλεαι πολέμοιο συνεσταότος καὶ ἀϋτῆς νῆας ἐϋσσέλμους ἅλαδʼ ἑλκέμεν, ὄφρʼ ἔτι μᾶλλον Τρωσὶ μὲν εὐκτὰ γένηται ἐπικρατέουσί περ ἔμπης, ἡμῖν δʼ αἰπὺς ὄλεθρος ἐπιρρέπῃ. οὐ γὰρ Ἀχαιοὶ σχήσουσιν πόλεμον νηῶν ἅλα δʼ ἑλκομενάων, ἀλλʼ ἀποπαπτανέουσιν, ἐρωήσουσι δὲ χάρμης. ἔνθά κε σὴ βουλὴ δηλήσεται ὄρχαμε λαῶν.
Lattimore commentary
The exchange encapsulates both Agamemnon’s feckless decisions and Odysseus’ capacity for enduring long pain (as he will over the next decade). The reference to their lifelong war careers underlines the exceptional nature of this siege: no amateurs, they have nevertheless spent nine years in an assault.
Lines 103
τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων·
Lines 104–108
yet I urge not that against their will the sons of the Achaeans should drag the well-benched ships down to the sea. But now I would there were one who might utter counsel better than this of mine, be he young man or old; right welcome were it unto me.
Ὀδυσεῦ μάλα πώς με καθίκεο θυμὸν ἐνιπῇ ἀργαλέῃ· ἀτὰρ οὐ μὲν ἐγὼν ἀέκοντας ἄνωγα νῆας ἐϋσσέλμους ἅλα δʼ ἑλκέμεν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν. νῦν δʼ εἴη ὃς τῆσδέ γʼ ἀμείνονα μῆτιν ἐνίσποι νέος ἠὲ παλαιός· ἐμοὶ δέ κεν ἀσμένῳ εἴη.
Lines 109
τοῖσι δὲ καὶ μετέειπε βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Διομήδης·
Lines 110–132
Near by is that man; not long shall we seek him, if so be ye are minded to give ear, and be no wise vexed and wroth, each one of you, for that in years I am the youngest among you. Nay, but of a goodly father do I too declare that I am come by lineage, even of Tydeus, whom in Thebe the heaped-up earth covereth.For to Portheus were born three peerless sons, and they dwelt in Pleuron and steep Calydon, even Agrius and Melas, and the third was the horseman Oeneus, that was father to my father, and in valour was pre-eminent among them. He verily abode there, but my father went wandering to Argos, and there was settled,for so I ween was the will of Zeus and the other gods. And he wedded one of the daughters of Adrastus, and dwelt in a house rich in substance, and abundance was his of wheat-bearing fields, and many orchards of trees round about, and withal many sheep; and with his spear he excelled all the Argives.Of these things it must be that ye have heard, whether I speak sooth. Wherefore ye shall not say that by lineage I am a coward and a weakling, and so despise my spoken counsel, whatsoever I may speak aright. Come, let us go down to the battle, wounded though we be, since needs we must. Thereafter will we hold ourselves aloof from the fight,beyond the range of missiles, lest haply any take wound on wound; but the others will we spur on and send into battle, even them that hitherto have done pleasure to their resentment, and that stand aloof and fight not. So spake he, and they readily hearkened to him and obeyed. So they set out to go, and the king of men, Agamemnon, led them. For to Portheus were born three peerless sons, and they dwelt in Pleuron and steep Calydon, even Agrius and Melas, and the third was the horseman Oeneus, that was father to my father, and in valour was pre-eminent among them. He verily abode there, but my father went wandering to Argos, and there was settled, for so I ween was the will of Zeus and the other gods. And he wedded one of the daughters of Adrastus, and dwelt in a house rich in substance, and abundance was his of wheat-bearing fields, and many orchards of trees round about, and withal many sheep; and with his spear he excelled all the Argives. Of these things it must be that ye have heard, whether I speak sooth. Wherefore ye shall not say that by lineage I am a coward and a weakling, and so despise my spoken counsel, whatsoever I may speak aright. Come, let us go down to the battle, wounded though we be, since needs we must. Thereafter will we hold ourselves aloof from the fight, beyond the range of missiles, lest haply any take wound on wound; but the others will we spur on and send into battle, even them that hitherto have done pleasure to their resentment, and that stand aloof and fight not.
ἐγγὺς ἀνήρ· οὐ δηθὰ ματεύσομεν· αἴ κʼ ἐθέλητε πείθεσθαι, καὶ μή τι κότῳ ἀγάσησθε ἕκαστος οὕνεκα δὴ γενεῆφι νεώτατός εἰμι μεθʼ ὑμῖν· πατρὸς δʼ ἐξ ἀγαθοῦ καὶ ἐγὼ γένος εὔχομαι εἶναι Τυδέος, ὃν Θήβῃσι χυτὴ κατὰ γαῖα καλύπτει. πορθεῖ γὰρ τρεῖς παῖδες ἀμύμονες ἐξεγένοντο, οἴκεον δʼ ἐν Πλευρῶνι καὶ αἰπεινῇ Καλυδῶνι Ἄγριος ἠδὲ Μέλας, τρίτατος δʼ ἦν ἱππότα Οἰνεὺς πατρὸς ἐμοῖο πατήρ· ἀρετῇ δʼ ἦν ἔξοχος αὐτῶν. ἀλλʼ μὲν αὐτόθι μεῖνε, πατὴρ δʼ ἐμὸς Ἄργεϊ νάσθη πλαγχθείς· ὡς γάρ που Ζεὺς ἤθελε καὶ θεοὶ ἄλλοι. Ἀδρήστοιο δʼ ἔγημε θυγατρῶν, ναῖε δὲ δῶμα ἀφνειὸν βιότοιο, ἅλις δέ οἱ ἦσαν ἄρουραι πυροφόροι, πολλοὶ δὲ φυτῶν ἔσαν ὄρχατοι ἀμφίς, πολλὰ δέ οἱ πρόβατʼ ἔσκε· κέκαστο δὲ πάντας Ἀχαιοὺς ἐγχείῃ· τὰ δὲ μέλλετʼ ἀκουέμεν, εἰ ἐτεόν περ. τὼ οὐκ ἄν με γένος γε κακὸν καὶ ἀνάλκιδα φάντες μῦθον ἀτιμήσαιτε πεφασμένον ὅν κʼ ἐῢ εἴπω. δεῦτʼ ἴομεν πόλεμον δὲ καὶ οὐτάμενοί περ ἀνάγκῃ. ἔνθα δʼ ἔπειτʼ αὐτοὶ μὲν ἐχώμεθα δηϊοτῆτος ἐκ βελέων, μή πού τις ἐφʼ ἕλκεϊ ἕλκος ἄρηται· ἄλλους δʼ ὀτρύνοντες ἐνήσομεν, οἳ τὸ πάρος περ θυμῷ ἦρα φέροντες ἀφεστᾶσʼ οὐδὲ μάχονται.
Lattimore commentary
Diomedes’ growth as warrior and speaker is given yet another nod. As usual, the theme of his father’s exploits arises. We learn yet more detail: that Tydeus is buried at Thebes and had once moved from Aitolia to Argos. The men who “favored their anger” are probably the Myrmidons. The subsequent swipe at Achilleus by the disguised Poseidon (141) is meant to keep in view the overarching problem that has brought the Greeks to this crisis.
Lines 133–138
And no blind watch did the famed Shaker of Earth keep, but went with them in likeness of an old man, and he laid hold of the right hand of Agamemnon, son of Atreus, and spake, and addressed him with winged words: Son of Atreus, now in sooth, methinks, doth the baneful heart of Achillesrejoice within his breast, as he beholdeth the slaughter and rout of the Achaeans, seeing he hath no understanding, no, not a whit. Nay, even so may he perish, and a god bring him low. But with thee are the blessed gods in no wise utterly wroth; nay, even yet, I ween, shall the leaders and rulers of the Trojansraise the dust of the wide plain, and thyself behold them fleeing to the city from the ships and huts. So saying, he shouted mightily, as he sped over the plain. Loud as nine thousand warriors, or ten thousand, cry in battle when they join in the strife of the War-god,
ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἳ δʼ ἄρα τοῦ μάλα μὲν κλύον ἠδὲ πίθοντο· βὰν δʼ ἴμεν, ἦρχε δʼ ἄρά σφιν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων. οὐδʼ ἀλαοσκοπιὴν εἶχε κλυτὸς ἐννοσίγαιος, ἀλλὰ μετʼ αὐτοὺς ἦλθε παλαιῷ φωτὶ ἐοικώς, δεξιτερὴν δʼ ἕλε χεῖρʼ Ἀγαμέμνονος Ἀτρεΐδαο, καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·
Lines 139–146
rejoice within his breast, as he beholdeth the slaughter and rout of the Achaeans, seeing he hath no understanding, no, not a whit. Nay, even so may he perish, and a god bring him low. But with thee are the blessed gods in no wise utterly wroth; nay, even yet, I ween, shall the leaders and rulers of the Trojans raise the dust of the wide plain, and thyself behold them fleeing to the city from the ships and huts.
Ἀτρεΐδη νῦν δή που Ἀχιλλῆος ὀλοὸν κῆρ γηθεῖ ἐνὶ στήθεσσι φόνον καὶ φύζαν Ἀχαιῶν δερκομένῳ, ἐπεὶ οὔ οἱ ἔνι φρένες οὐδʼ ἠβαιαί. ἀλλʼ μὲν ὣς ἀπόλοιτο, θεὸς δέ σιφλώσειε· σοὶ δʼ οὔ πω μάλα πάγχυ θεοὶ μάκαρες κοτέουσιν, ἀλλʼ ἔτι που Τρώων ἡγήτορες ἠδὲ μέδοντες εὐρὺ κονίσουσιν πεδίον, σὺ δʼ ἐπόψεαι αὐτὸς φεύγοντας προτὶ ἄστυ νεῶν ἄπο καὶ κλισιάων.
Lines 147–161
even so mighty a shout did the lord, the Shaker of Earth, send forth from his breast. and in the heart of each man of the Achaeans he put great strength, to war and fight unceasingly. as he went busily about in the battle where men win glory, her own brother and her lord's withal; and she was glad at heart. And Zeus she marked seated on the topmost peak of many-fountained Ida, and hateful was he to her heart. Then she took thought, the ox-eyed, queenly Hera, how she might beguile the mind of Zeus that beareth the aegis. And this plan seemed to her mind the best—to go to Ida, when she had beauteously adorned her person, if so be he might desire to lie by her side and embrace her body in love, and she might shed a warm and gentle sleep
ὣς εἰπὼν μέγʼ ἄϋσεν ἐπεσσύμενος πεδίοιο. ὅσσόν τʼ ἐννεάχιλοι ἐπίαχον δεκάχιλοι ἀνέρες ἐν πολέμῳ ἔριδα ξυνάγοντες Ἄρηος, τόσσην ἐκ στήθεσφιν ὄπα κρείων ἐνοσίχθων ἧκεν· Ἀχαιοῖσιν δὲ μέγα σθένος ἔμβαλʼ ἑκάστῳ καρδίῃ, ἄληκτον πολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι. Ἥρη δʼ εἰσεῖδε χρυσόθρονος ὀφθαλμοῖσι στᾶσʼ ἐξ Οὐλύμποιο ἀπὸ ῥίου· αὐτίκα δʼ ἔγνω τὸν μὲν ποιπνύοντα μάχην ἀνὰ κυδιάνειραν αὐτοκασίγνητον καὶ δαέρα, χαῖρε δὲ θυμῷ· Ζῆνα δʼ ἐπʼ ἀκροτάτης κορυφῆς πολυπίδακος Ἴδης ἥμενον εἰσεῖδε, στυγερὸς δέ οἱ ἔπλετο θυμῷ. μερμήριξε δʼ ἔπειτα βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη ὅππως ἐξαπάφοιτο Διὸς νόον αἰγιόχοιο· ἥδε δέ οἱ κατὰ θυμὸν ἀρίστη φαίνετο βουλὴ
Lines 162–176
upon his eyelids and his cunning mind. So she went her way to her chamber, that her dear son Hephaestus had fashioned for her, and had fitted strong doors to the door-posts with a secret bolt, that no other god might open. Therein she entered, and closed the bright doors. With ambrosia first did she cleanse from her lovely body every stain, and anointed her richly with oil, ambrosial, soft, and of rich fragrance; were this but shaken in the palace of Zeus with threshold of bronze, even so would the savour thereof reach unto earth and heaven. Therewith she annointed her lovely body, and she combed her hair, and with her hands pIaited the bright tresses, fair and ambrosial, that streamed from her immortal head. Then she clothed her about in a robe ambrosial, which Athene had wrought for her with cunning skill, and had set thereon broideries full many;
ἐλθεῖν εἰς Ἴδην εὖ ἐντύνασαν αὐτήν, εἴ πως ἱμείραιτο παραδραθέειν φιλότητι χροιῇ, τῷ δʼ ὕπνον ἀπήμονά τε λιαρόν τε χεύῃ ἐπὶ βλεφάροισιν ἰδὲ φρεσὶ πευκαλίμῃσι. βῆ δʼ ἴμεν ἐς θάλαμον, τόν οἱ φίλος υἱὸς ἔτευξεν Ἥφαιστος, πυκινὰς δὲ θύρας σταθμοῖσιν ἐπῆρσε κληῗδι κρυπτῇ, τὴν δʼ οὐ θεὸς ἄλλος ἀνῷγεν· ἔνθʼ γʼ εἰσελθοῦσα θύρας ἐπέθηκε φαεινάς. ἀμβροσίῃ μὲν πρῶτον ἀπὸ χροὸς ἱμερόεντος λύματα πάντα κάθηρεν, ἀλείψατο δὲ λίπʼ ἐλαίῳ ἀμβροσίῳ ἑδανῷ, τό ῥά οἱ τεθυωμένον ἦεν· τοῦ καὶ κινυμένοιο Διὸς κατὰ χαλκοβατὲς δῶ ἔμπης ἐς γαῖάν τε καὶ οὐρανὸν ἵκετʼ ἀϋτμή. τῷ ῥʼ γε χρόα καλὸν ἀλειψαμένη ἰδὲ χαίτας πεξαμένη χερσὶ πλοκάμους ἔπλεξε φαεινοὺς
Lattimore commentary
Hera’s anger leads her to use sex as a weapon. The extended scene of preparation is therefore the functional equivalent of a warrior’s arming scene.
Lines 177–189
and she pinned it upon her breast with brooches of gold, and she girt about her a girdle set with an hundred tassels, and in her pierced ears she put ear-rings with three clustering81.1 drops; and abundant grace shone therefrom. And with a veil over all did the bright goddess veil herself, a fair veil, all glistering, and white was it as the sun; and beneath her shining feet she bound her fair sandals. But when she had decked her body with all adornment, she went forth from her chamber, and calling to her Aphrodite, apart from the other gods, she spake to her, saying:
καλοὺς ἀμβροσίους ἐκ κράατος ἀθανάτοιο. ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρʼ ἀμβρόσιον ἑανὸν ἕσαθʼ, ὅν οἱ Ἀθήνη ἔξυσʼ ἀσκήσασα, τίθει δʼ ἐνὶ δαίδαλα πολλά· χρυσείῃς δʼ ἐνετῇσι κατὰ στῆθος περονᾶτο. ζώσατο δὲ ζώνῃ ἑκατὸν θυσάνοις ἀραρυίῃ, ἐν δʼ ἄρα ἕρματα ἧκεν ἐϋτρήτοισι λοβοῖσι τρίγληνα μορόεντα· χάρις δʼ ἀπελάμπετο πολλή. κρηδέμνῳ δʼ ἐφύπερθε καλύψατο δῖα θεάων καλῷ νηγατέῳ· λευκὸν δʼ ἦν ἠέλιος ὥς· ποσσὶ δʼ ὑπὸ λιπαροῖσιν ἐδήσατο καλὰ πέδιλα. αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ πάντα περὶ χροῒ θήκατο κόσμον βῆ ῥʼ ἴμεν ἐκ θαλάμοιο, καλεσσαμένη δʼ Ἀφροδίτην τῶν ἄλλων ἀπάνευθε θεῶν πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπε·
Hera to Aphrodite · divine
Lines 190–192
Wilt thou now hearken to me, dear child, in what I shall say? or wilt thou refuse me, being angered at heart for that I give aid to the Danaans and thou to the Trojans?
ῥά νύ μοί τι πίθοιο φίλον τέκος ὅττί κεν εἴπω, ἦέ κεν ἀρνήσαιο κοτεσσαμένη τό γε θυμῷ, οὕνεκʼ ἐγὼ Δαναοῖσι, σὺ δὲ Τρώεσσιν ἀρήγεις;
Lines 193
τὴν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα Διὸς θυγάτηρ Ἀφροδίτη·
Aphrodite to Hera · divine
Lines 194–196
speak what is in thy mind; my heart bids me fulfill it, if fulfill it I can, and it is a thing that hath fulfillment.
Ἥρη πρέσβα θεὰ θύγατερ μεγάλοιο Κρόνοιο αὔδα τι φρονέεις· τελέσαι δέ με θυμὸς ἄνωγεν, εἰ δύναμαι τελέσαι γε καὶ εἰ τετελεσμένον ἐστίν.
Lines 197
τὴν δὲ δολοφρονέουσα προσηύδα πότνια Ἥρη·
Hera to Aphrodite · divine
Lines 198–210
For I am faring to visit the limits of the all-nurturing earth, and Oceanus, from whom the gods are sprung, and mother Tethys, even them that lovingly nursed and cherished me in their halls, when they had taken me from Rhea, what time Zeus, whose voice is borne afar, thrust Cronos down to dwell beneath earth and the unresting sea. Them am I faring to visit, and will loose for them their endless strife, since now for a long time's space they hold aloof one from the other from the marriage-bed and from love, for that wrath hath come upon their hearts. If by words I might but persuade the hearts of these twain, and bring them back to be joined together in love, ever should I be called dear by them and worthy of reverence.
δὸς νῦν μοι φιλότητα καὶ ἵμερον, τε σὺ πάντας δαμνᾷ ἀθανάτους ἠδὲ θνητοὺς ἀνθρώπους. εἶμι γὰρ ὀψομένη πολυφόρβου πείρατα γαίης, Ὠκεανόν τε θεῶν γένεσιν καὶ μητέρα Τηθύν, οἵ μʼ ἐν σφοῖσι δόμοισιν ἐῢ τρέφον ἠδʼ ἀτίταλλον δεξάμενοι Ῥείας, ὅτε τε Κρόνον εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς γαίης νέρθε καθεῖσε καὶ ἀτρυγέτοιο θαλάσσης· τοὺς εἶμʼ ὀψομένη, καί σφʼ ἄκριτα νείκεα λύσω· ἤδη γὰρ δηρὸν χρόνον ἀλλήλων ἀπέχονται εὐνῆς καὶ φιλότητος, ἐπεὶ χόλος ἔμπεσε θυμῷ. εἰ κείνω ἐπέεσσι παραιπεπιθοῦσα φίλον κῆρ εἰς εὐνὴν ἀνέσαιμι ὁμωθῆναι φιλότητι, αἰεί κέ σφι φίλη τε καὶ αἰδοίη καλεοίμην.
Lattimore commentary
Tethys and Okeanos as foster parents of Hera are not known from the mainstream Hesiodic version of early divine history, but as Hera’s discourse in general here is deceptive, this detail, too, could be a purely mythical construction. Another possibility is that she refers to a creation story otherwise only hinted at in some Greek versions (cf. Plato, Cratylus, 402b) and possibly influenced by Babylonian myths that name gods of fresh and salt water as the primal elements.
Lines 211
τὴν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε φιλομειδὴς Ἀφροδίτη·
Aphrodite to Hera · divine
Lines 212–213
οὐκ ἔστʼ οὐδὲ ἔοικε τεὸν ἔπος ἀρνήσασθαι· Ζηνὸς γὰρ τοῦ ἀρίστου ἐν ἀγκοίνῃσιν ἰαύεις.
Lines 214–218
curiously-wrought, wherein are fashioned all manner of allurements; therein is love, therein desire, therein dalliance—beguilement that steals the wits even of the wise. This she laid in her hands, and spake, and addressed her: Take now and lay in thy bosom this zone,curiously-wrought, wherein all things are fashioned; I tell thee thou shalt not return with that unaccomplished, whatsoever in thy heart thou desirest. So spake she, and ox-eyed, queenly Hera smiled, and smiling laid the zone in her bosom. She then went to her house, the daughter of Zeus, Aphrodite,
ἦ, καὶ ἀπὸ στήθεσφιν ἐλύσατο κεστὸν ἱμάντα ποικίλον, ἔνθα δέ οἱ θελκτήρια πάντα τέτυκτο· ἔνθʼ ἔνι μὲν φιλότης, ἐν δʼ ἵμερος, ἐν δʼ ὀαριστὺς πάρφασις, τʼ ἔκλεψε νόον πύκα περ φρονεόντων. τόν ῥά οἱ ἔμβαλε χερσὶν ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζε·
Aphrodite to Hera · divine
Lines 219–221
curiously-wrought, wherein all things are fashioned; I tell thee thou shalt not return with that unaccomplished, whatsoever in thy heart thou desirest.
τῆ νῦν τοῦτον ἱμάντα τεῷ ἐγκάτθεο κόλπῳ ποικίλον, ἔνι πάντα τετεύχαται· οὐδέ σέ φημι ἄπρηκτόν γε νέεσθαι, τι φρεσὶ σῇσι μενοινᾷς.
Lines 222–232
but Hera darted down and left the peak of Olympus; on Pieria she stepped and lovely Emathia, and sped over the snowy mountains of the Thracian horsemen, even over their topmost peaks, nor grazed she the ground with her feet; and from Athos she stepped upon the billowy sea, and so came to Lemnos, the city of godlike Thoas. There she met Sleep, the brother of Death; and she clasped him by the hand, and spake and addressed him: Sleep, lord of all gods and of all men, if ever thou didst hearken to word of mine, so do thou even now obey,and I will owe thee thanks all my days. Lull me to sleep the bright eyes of Zeus beneath his brows, so soon as I shall have lain me by his side in love. And gifts will I give thee, a fair throne, ever imperishable, wrought of gold, that Hephaestus, mine own son,the god of the two strong arms, shall fashion thee with skill, and beneath it shall he set a foot-stool for the feet, whereon thou mayest rest thy shining feet when thou quaffest thy wine.
ὣς φάτο, μείδησεν δὲ βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη, μειδήσασα δʼ ἔπειτα ἑῷ ἐγκάτθετο κόλπῳ. μὲν ἔβη πρὸς δῶμα Διὸς θυγάτηρ Ἀφροδίτη, Ἥρη δʼ ἀΐξασα λίπεν ῥίον Οὐλύμποιο, Πιερίην δʼ ἐπιβᾶσα καὶ Ἠμαθίην ἐρατεινὴν σεύατʼ ἐφʼ ἱπποπόλων Θρῃκῶν ὄρεα νιφόεντα ἀκροτάτας κορυφάς· οὐδὲ χθόνα μάρπτε ποδοῖιν· ἐξ Ἀθόω δʼ ἐπὶ πόντον ἐβήσετο κυμαίνοντα, Λῆμνον δʼ εἰσαφίκανε πόλιν θείοιο Θόαντος. ἔνθʼ Ὕπνῳ ξύμβλητο κασιγνήτῳ Θανάτοιο, ἔν τʼ ἄρα οἱ φῦ χειρὶ ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζεν·
Hera to Hypnus · divine
Lines 233–241
and I will owe thee thanks all my days. Lull me to sleep the bright eyes of Zeus beneath his brows, so soon as I shall have lain me by his side in love. And gifts will I give thee, a fair throne, ever imperishable, wrought of gold, that Hephaestus, mine own son, the god of the two strong arms, shall fashion thee with skill, and beneath it shall he set a foot-stool for the feet, whereon thou mayest rest thy shining feet when thou quaffest thy wine.
Ὕπνε ἄναξ πάντων τε θεῶν πάντων τʼ ἀνθρώπων, ἠμὲν δή ποτʼ ἐμὸν ἔπος ἔκλυες, ἠδʼ ἔτι καὶ νῦν πείθευ· ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι ἰδέω χάριν ἤματα πάντα. κοίμησόν μοι Ζηνὸς ὑπʼ ὀφρύσιν ὄσσε φαεινὼ αὐτίκʼ ἐπεί κεν ἐγὼ παραλέξομαι ἐν φιλότητι. δῶρα δέ τοι δώσω καλὸν θρόνον ἄφθιτον αἰεὶ χρύσεον· Ἥφαιστος δέ κʼ ἐμὸς πάϊς ἀμφιγυήεις τεύξειʼ ἀσκήσας, ὑπὸ δὲ θρῆνυν ποσὶν ἥσει, τῷ κεν ἐπισχοίης λιπαροὺς πόδας εἰλαπινάζων.
Lines 242
τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσεφώνεε νήδυμος Ὕπνος·
Hypnus to Hera · divine
Lines 243–262
Oceanus, from whom they all are sprung; but to Zeus, son of Cronos, will I not draw nigh, neither lull him to slumber, unless of himself he bid me. For ere now in another matter did a behest of thine teach me a lesson, on the day when the glorious son85.1 of Zeus, high of heart, sailed forth from Ilios, when he had laid waste the city of the Trojans. I, verily, beguiled the mind of Zeus, that beareth the aegis, being shed in sweetness round about him, and thou didst devise evil in thy heart against his son, when thou hadst roused the blasts of cruel winds over the face of the deep, and thereafter didst bear him away unto well-peopled Cos, far from all his kinsfolk. But Zeus, when he awakened, was wroth, and flung the gods hither and thither about his palace, and me above all he sought, and would have hurled me from heaven into the deep to be no more seen, had Night not saved me—Night that bends to her sway both gods and men. To her I came in my flight, and besought her, and Zeus refrained him, albeit he was wroth, for he had awe lest he do aught displeasing to swift Night. And now again thou biddest me fulfill this other task, that may nowise be done.
Ἥρη πρέσβα θεὰ θύγατερ μεγάλοιο Κρόνοιο ἄλλον μέν κεν ἔγωγε θεῶν αἰειγενετάων ῥεῖα κατευνήσαιμι, καὶ ἂν ποταμοῖο ῥέεθρα Ὠκεανοῦ, ὅς περ γένεσις πάντεσσι τέτυκται· Ζηνὸς δʼ οὐκ ἂν ἔγωγε Κρονίονος ἆσσον ἱκοίμην οὐδὲ κατευνήσαιμʼ, ὅτε μὴ αὐτός γε κελεύοι. ἤδη γάρ με καὶ ἄλλο τεὴ ἐπίνυσσεν ἐφετμὴ ἤματι τῷ ὅτε κεῖνος ὑπέρθυμος Διὸς υἱὸς ἔπλεεν Ἰλιόθεν Τρώων πόλιν ἐξαλαπάξας. ἤτοι ἐγὼ μὲν ἔλεξα Διὸς νόον αἰγιόχοιο νήδυμος ἀμφιχυθείς· σὺ δέ οἱ κακὰ μήσαο θυμῷ ὄρσασʼ ἀργαλέων ἀνέμων ἐπὶ πόντον ἀήτας, καί μιν ἔπειτα Κόων δʼ εὖ ναιομένην ἀπένεικας νόσφι φίλων πάντων. δʼ ἐπεγρόμενος χαλέπαινε ῥιπτάζων κατὰ δῶμα θεούς, ἐμὲ δʼ ἔξοχα πάντων ζήτει· καί κέ μʼ ἄϊστον ἀπʼ αἰθέρος ἔμβαλε πόντῳ, εἰ μὴ Νὺξ δμήτειρα θεῶν ἐσάωσε καὶ ἀνδρῶν· τὴν ἱκόμην φεύγων, δʼ ἐπαύσατο χωόμενός περ. ἅζετο γὰρ μὴ Νυκτὶ θοῇ ἀποθύμια ἕρδοι. νῦν αὖ τοῦτό μʼ ἄνωγας ἀμήχανον ἄλλο τελέσσαι.
Lattimore commentary
On Herakles’ sack of Troy in the previous generation, see 5.638–51. Zeus punished Hera by dangling her with anvils attached to her feet from Olympos (15.18–24), the incident mentioned by Hephaistos (1.590), who was punished in turn when he sought to rescue his mother.
Lines 263
τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη·
Hera to Hypnus · divine
Lines 264–268
Deemest thou that Zeus, whose voice is borne afar, will aid the Trojans, even as he waxed wroth for the sake of Heracles, his own son? Nay, come, I will give thee one of the youthful Graces to wed to be called thy wife, even Pasithea, for whom thou ever longest all thy days.
Ὕπνε τί δὲ σὺ ταῦτα μετὰ φρεσὶ σῇσι μενοινᾷς; φῂς ὣς Τρώεσσιν ἀρηξέμεν εὐρύοπα Ζῆν ὡς Ἡρακλῆος περιχώσατο παῖδος ἑοῖο; ἀλλʼ ἴθʼ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι Χαρίτων μίαν ὁπλοτεράων δώσω ὀπυιέμεναι καὶ σὴν κεκλῆσθαι ἄκοιτιν.
Lines 269–270
So spake she, and Sleep waxed glad, and made answer saying: Come now, swear to me by the inviolable water of Styx, and with one hand lay thou hold of the bounteous earth, and with the other of the shimmering sea, that one and all they may be witnesses betwixt us twain, even the gods that are below with Cronos,that verily thou wilt give me one of the youthful Graces, even Pasithea, that myself I long for all my days. So spake he, and the goddess, white-armed Hera, failed not to hearken, but sware as he bade, and invoked by name all the gods below Tartarus, that are called Titans.
LINE 14.269> ὣς φάτο, χήρατο δʼ Ὕπνος, ἀμειβόμενος δὲ προσηύδα·
Hypnus to Hera · divine
Lines 271–276
that verily thou wilt give me one of the youthful Graces, even Pasithea, that myself I long for all my days.
ἄγρει νῦν μοι ὄμοσσον ἀάατον Στυγὸς ὕδωρ, χειρὶ δὲ τῇ ἑτέρῃ μὲν ἕλε χθόνα πουλυβότειραν, τῇ δʼ ἑτέρῃ ἅλα μαρμαρέην, ἵνα νῶϊν ἅπαντες μάρτυροι ὦσʼ οἳ ἔνερθε θεοὶ Κρόνον ἀμφὶς ἐόντες, μὲν ἐμοὶ δώσειν Χαρίτων μίαν ὁπλοτεράων Πασιθέην, ἧς τʼ αὐτὸς ἐέλδομαι ἤματα πάντα.
Lattimore commentary
On swearing an oath to confirm the promise of a prize, see 10.321. Hera’s cosmic witnesses include the previous generation of divinities, now imagined as confined to Tartaros. The penalty for a god breaking an oath sworn by Styx is to lie in a death-like trance for one year and spend the next nine cut off from the company of the Olympians (Theogony 738).
Lines 277–291
But when she had sworn and made an end of the oath, the twain left the cities of Lemnos and Imbros, and clothed about in mist went forth, speeding swiftly on their way. To many-fountained Ida they came, the mother of wild creatures, even to Lectum, where first they left the sea; and the twain fared on over the dry land, and the topmost forest quivered beneath their feet. There Sleep did halt, or ever the eyes of Zeus beheld him, and mounted up on a fir-tree exceeding tall, the highest that then grew in Ida; and it reached up through the mists into heaven. Thereon he perched, thick-hidden by the branches of the fir, in the likeness of a clear-voiced mountain bird, that the gods call Chalcis, and men Cymindis. But Hera swiftly drew nigh to topmost Gargarus, the peak of lofty Ida, and Zeus, the cloud-gatherer, beheld her. And when he beheld her, then love encompassed his wise heart about,
ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη, ὄμνυε δʼ ὡς ἐκέλευε, θεοὺς δʼ ὀνόμηνεν ἅπαντας τοὺς ὑποταρταρίους οἳ Τιτῆνες καλέονται. αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ὄμοσέν τε τελεύτησέν τε τὸν ὅρκον, τὼ βήτην Λήμνου τε καὶ Ἴμβρου ἄστυ λιπόντε ἠέρα ἑσσαμένω ῥίμφα πρήσσοντε κέλευθον. Ἴδην δʼ ἱκέσθην πολυπίδακα μητέρα θηρῶν Λεκτόν, ὅθι πρῶτον λιπέτην ἅλα· τὼ δʼ ἐπὶ χέρσου βήτην, ἀκροτάτη δὲ ποδῶν ὕπο σείετο ὕλη. ἔνθʼ Ὕπνος μὲν ἔμεινε πάρος Διὸς ὄσσε ἰδέσθαι εἰς ἐλάτην ἀναβὰς περιμήκετον, τότʼ ἐν Ἴδῃ μακροτάτη πεφυυῖα διʼ ἠέρος αἰθέρʼ ἵκανεν· ἔνθʼ ἧστʼ ὄζοισιν πεπυκασμένος εἰλατίνοισιν ὄρνιθι λιγυρῇ ἐναλίγκιος, ἥν τʼ ἐν ὄρεσσι χαλκίδα κικλήσκουσι θεοί, ἄνδρες δὲ κύμινδιν.
Lattimore commentary
The gods’ term is transparent and poetic (chalkis, “the brazen bird”), while the human term is without obvious etymology. For similar alternative names, see Hektor’s son Astyanax/Skamandrios (6.402) and the river Xanthos/Skamandros (20.74).
Lines 292–297
even as when at the first they had gone to the couch and had dalliance together in love, their dear parents knowing naught thereof. And he stood before her, and spake, and addressed her: Hera, with what desire art thou thus come hither down from Olympus? Lo, thy horses are not at hand, neither thy chariot, whereon thou mightest mount.
Ἥρη δὲ κραιπνῶς προσεβήσετο Γάργαρον ἄκρον Ἴδης ὑψηλῆς· ἴδε δὲ νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς. ὡς δʼ ἴδεν, ὥς μιν ἔρως πυκινὰς φρένας ἀμφεκάλυψεν, οἷον ὅτε πρῶτόν περ ἐμισγέσθην φιλότητι εἰς εὐνὴν φοιτῶντε, φίλους λήθοντε τοκῆας. στῆ δʼ αὐτῆς προπάροιθεν ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζεν·
Zeus to Hera · divine
Lines 298–299
Ἥρη πῇ μεμαυῖα κατʼ Οὐλύμπου τόδʼ ἱκάνεις; ἵπποι δʼ οὐ παρέασι καὶ ἅρματα τῶν κʼ ἐπιβαίης.
Lines 300
Then with crafty mind the queenly Hera spake unto him: I am faring to visit the limits of the all-nurturing earth, and Oceanus, from whom the gods are sprung, and mother Tethys, even them that lovingly nursed me and cherished me in their halls. Them am I faring to visit, and will loose for them their endless strife,since now for long time's apace they hold aloof one from the other from the marriage-bed and from love, for that wrath hath fallen upon their hearts. And my horses stand at the foot of many-fountained Ida, my horses that shall bear me both over the solid land and the waters of the sea. But now it is because of thee that I am come hither down from Olympus,lest haply thou mightest wax wroth with me hereafter, if without a word I depart to the house of deep-flowing Oceanus.
τὸν δὲ δολοφρονέουσα προσηύδα πότνια Ἥρη·
Hera to Zeus · divine
Lines 301–311
since now for long time's apace they hold aloof one from the other from the marriage-bed and from love, for that wrath hath fallen upon their hearts. And my horses stand at the foot of many-fountained Ida, my horses that shall bear me both over the solid land and the waters of the sea. But now it is because of thee that I am come hither down from Olympus, lest haply thou mightest wax wroth with me hereafter, if without a word I depart to the house of deep-flowing Oceanus.
ἔρχομαι ὀψομένη πολυφόρβου πείρατα γαίης, Ὠκεανόν τε θεῶν γένεσιν καὶ μητέρα Τηθύν, οἵ με σφοῖσι δόμοισιν ἐῢ τρέφον ἠδʼ ἀτίταλλον· τοὺς εἶμʼ ὀψομένη, καί σφʼ ἄκριτα νείκεα λύσω· ἤδη γὰρ δηρὸν χρόνον ἀλλήλων ἀπέχονται εὐνῆς καὶ φιλότητος, ἐπεὶ χόλος ἔμπεσε θυμῷ. ἵπποι δʼ ἐν πρυμνωρείῃ πολυπίδακος Ἴδης ἑστᾶσʼ, οἵ μʼ οἴσουσιν ἐπὶ τραφερήν τε καὶ ὑγρήν. νῦν δὲ σεῦ εἵνεκα δεῦρο κατʼ Οὐλύμπου τόδʼ ἱκάνω, μή πώς μοι μετέπειτα χολώσεαι, αἴ κε σιωπῇ οἴχωμαι πρὸς δῶμα βαθυρρόου Ὠκεανοῖο.
Lines 312
τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς·
Zeus to Hera · divine
Lines 313–328
for never yet did desire for goddess or mortal woman so shed itself about me and overmaster the heart within my breast—nay, not when I was seized with love of the wife of Ixion, who bare Peirithous, the peer of the gods in counsel; nor of Danaë of the fair ankles, daughter of Acrisius, who bare Perseus, pre-eminent above all warriors; nor of the daughter of far-famed Phoenix, that bare me Minos and godlike Rhadamanthys; nor of Semele, nor of Alcmene in Thebes, and she brought forth Heracles, her son stout of heart, and Semele bare Dionysus, the joy of mortals; nor of Demeter, the fair-tressed queen; nor of glorious Leto; nay, nor yet of thine own self, as now I love thee, and sweet desire layeth hold of me.
Ἥρη κεῖσε μὲν ἔστι καὶ ὕστερον ὁρμηθῆναι, νῶϊ δʼ ἄγʼ ἐν φιλότητι τραπείομεν εὐνηθέντε. οὐ γάρ πώ ποτέ μʼ ὧδε θεᾶς ἔρος οὐδὲ γυναικὸς θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσι περιπροχυθεὶς ἐδάμασσεν, οὐδʼ ὁπότʼ ἠρασάμην Ἰξιονίης ἀλόχοιο, τέκε Πειρίθοον θεόφιν μήστωρʼ ἀτάλαντον· οὐδʼ ὅτε περ Δανάης καλλισφύρου Ἀκρισιώνης, τέκε Περσῆα πάντων ἀριδείκετον ἀνδρῶν· οὐδʼ ὅτε Φοίνικος κούρης τηλεκλειτοῖο, τέκε μοι Μίνων τε καὶ ἀντίθεον Ῥαδάμανθυν· οὐδʼ ὅτε περ Σεμέλης οὐδʼ Ἀλκμήνης ἐνὶ Θήβῃ, ῥʼ Ἡρακλῆα κρατερόφρονα γείνατο παῖδα· δὲ Διώνυσον Σεμέλη τέκε χάρμα βροτοῖσιν· οὐδʼ ὅτε Δήμητρος καλλιπλοκάμοιο ἀνάσσης, οὐδʼ ὁπότε Λητοῦς ἐρικυδέος, οὐδὲ σεῦ αὐτῆς, ὡς σέο νῦν ἔραμαι καί με γλυκὺς ἵμερος αἱρεῖ.
Lattimore commentary
The Catalogue of Loves provides a humorous diversion for the audience but seems somewhat uncouth as love talk to one’s wife and sister. It is perhaps another power play by Zeus to remind Hera of his supreme will. The daughter of Phoinix is Europa, abducted by Zeus in the form of a bull. Zeus omits the detail that Semele was incinerated when she persuaded him to appear in all his glory and Dionysos was rescued from her womb. Demeter was mother of Persephonē, Leto of the twins Artemis and Apollo.
Lines 329
τὸν δὲ δολοφρονέουσα προσηύδα πότνια Ἥρη·
Hera to Zeus · divine
Lines 330–340
Most dread son of Cronos, what a word hast thou said. If now thou art fain to be couched in love on the peaks of Ida, where all is plain to view, what and if some one of the gods that are for ever should behold us twain as we sleep, and should go and tell it to all the gods?Then verily could not I arise from the couch and go again to thy house; that were a shameful thing. But if thou wilt, and it is thy heart's good pleasure, thou hast a chamber, that thy dear son Hephaestus fashioned for thee, and fitted strong doors upon the door-posts.Thither let us go and lay us down, since the couch is thy desire. Then in answer to her spake Zeus, the cloud-gatherer: Hera, fear thou not that any god or man shall behold the thing, with such a cloud shall I enfold thee withal, a cloud of gold. Therethrough might not even Helios discern us twain,albeit his sight is the keenest of all for beholding. Therewith the son of Cronos clasped his wife in his arms, and beneath them the divine earth made fresh-sprung grass to grow, and dewy lotus, and crocus, and hyacinth, thick and soft, that upbare them from the ground. Then verily could not I arise from the couch and go again to thy house; that were a shameful thing. But if thou wilt, and it is thy heart's good pleasure, thou hast a chamber, that thy dear son Hephaestus fashioned for thee, and fitted strong doors upon the door-posts. Thither let us go and lay us down, since the couch is thy desire.
αἰνότατε Κρονίδη ποῖον τὸν μῦθον ἔειπες. εἰ νῦν ἐν φιλότητι λιλαίεαι εὐνηθῆναι Ἴδης ἐν κορυφῇσι, τὰ δὲ προπέφανται ἅπαντα· πῶς κʼ ἔοι εἴ τις νῶϊ θεῶν αἰειγενετάων εὕδοντʼ ἀθρήσειε, θεοῖσι δὲ πᾶσι μετελθὼν πεφράδοι; οὐκ ἂν ἔγωγε τεὸν πρὸς δῶμα νεοίμην ἐξ εὐνῆς ἀνστᾶσα, νεμεσσητὸν δέ κεν εἴη. ἀλλʼ εἰ δή ῥʼ ἐθέλεις καί τοι φίλον ἔπλετο θυμῷ, ἔστιν τοι θάλαμος, τόν τοι φίλος υἱὸς ἔτευξεν Ἥφαιστος, πυκινὰς δὲ θύρας σταθμοῖσιν ἐπῆρσεν· ἔνθʼ ἴομεν κείοντες, ἐπεί νύ τοι εὔαδεν εὐνή.
Lines 341
τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς·
Zeus to Hera · divine
Lines 342–345
albeit his sight is the keenest of all for beholding.
Ἥρη μήτε θεῶν τό γε δείδιθι μήτέ τινʼ ἀνδρῶν ὄψεσθαι· τοῖόν τοι ἐγὼ νέφος ἀμφικαλύψω χρύσεον· οὐδʼ ἂν νῶϊ διαδράκοι Ἠέλιός περ, οὗ τε καὶ ὀξύτατον πέλεται φάος εἰσοράασθαι.
Lines 346–356
Therein lay the twain, and were clothed about with a cloud, fair and golden, wherefrom fell drops of glistering dew. to bear word to the Enfolder and Shaker of Earth. And he came up to him, and spake winged words, saying: With a ready heart now, Poseidon, do thou bear aid to the Danaans, and vouchsafe them glory, though it be for a little space, while yet Zeus sleepeth; for over him have I shed soft slumber,and Hera hath beguiled him to couch with her in love. So spake he and departed to the glorious tribes of men, but Poseidon he set on yet more to bear aid to the Danaans. Forthwith then he leapt forth amid the foremost, and cried aloud: Argives, are we again in good sooth to yield victory to Hector,son of Priam, that he may take the ships and win him glory? Nay, even so he saith, and vaunteth that it shall be, for that Achilles abideth by the hollow ships, filled with wrath at heart. Howbeit him shall we in no wise miss overmuch if we others bestir ourselves to bear aid one to the other.Nay, come, even as I shall bid, let us all obey. In the shields that are best in the host and largest let us harness ourselves, and our heads let us cover with helms all-gleaming, and in our hands take the longest spears, and so go forth. And I will lead the way, nor, methinks,will Hector, son of Priam, longer abide, how eager soever he be. And whoso is a man, staunch in fight, but hath a small shield on his shoulder, let him give it to a worser man, and himself harness him in a large shield.
ῥα καὶ ἀγκὰς ἔμαρπτε Κρόνου παῖς ἣν παράκοιτιν· τοῖσι δʼ ὑπὸ χθὼν δῖα φύεν νεοθηλέα ποίην, λωτόν θʼ ἑρσήεντα ἰδὲ κρόκον ἠδʼ ὑάκινθον πυκνὸν καὶ μαλακόν, ὃς ἀπὸ χθονὸς ὑψόσʼ ἔεργε. τῷ ἔνι λεξάσθην, ἐπὶ δὲ νεφέλην ἕσσαντο καλὴν χρυσείην· στιλπναὶ δʼ ἀπέπιπτον ἔερσαι. ὣς μὲν ἀτρέμας εὗδε πατὴρ ἀνὰ Γαργάρῳ ἄκρῳ, ὕπνῳ καὶ φιλότητι δαμείς, ἔχε δʼ ἀγκὰς ἄκοιτιν· βῆ δὲ θέειν ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν νήδυμος Ὕπνος ἀγγελίην ἐρέων γαιηόχῳ ἐννοσιγαίῳ· ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱστάμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·
Lattimore commentary
The marvelous growth and dew underscore the cosmic fertility brought about by this sacred marriage (“hierogamy”), which can be paralleled in many myths worldwide.
Hypnus to Poseidon · divine
Lines 357–360
and Hera hath beguiled him to couch with her in love.
πρόφρων νῦν Δαναοῖσι Ποσείδαον ἐπάμυνε, καί σφιν κῦδος ὄπαζε μίνυνθά περ, ὄφρʼ ἔτι εὕδει Ζεύς, ἐπεὶ αὐτῷ ἐγὼ μαλακὸν περὶ κῶμʼ ἐκάλυψα· Ἥρη δʼ ἐν φιλότητι παρήπαφεν εὐνηθῆναι.
Lines 361–363
ὣς εἰπὼν μὲν ᾤχετʼ ἐπὶ κλυτὰ φῦλʼ ἀνθρώπων, τὸν δʼ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἀνῆκεν ἀμυνέμεναι Δαναοῖσιν. αὐτίκα δʼ ἐν πρώτοισι μέγα προθορὼν ἐκέλευσεν·
Poseidon to Greeks · divine
Lines 364–377
son of Priam, that he may take the ships and win him glory? Nay, even so he saith, and vaunteth that it shall be, for that Achilles abideth by the hollow ships, filled with wrath at heart. Howbeit him shall we in no wise miss overmuch if we others bestir ourselves to bear aid one to the other. Nay, come, even as I shall bid, let us all obey. In the shields that are best in the host and largest let us harness ourselves, and our heads let us cover with helms all-gleaming, and in our hands take the longest spears, and so go forth. And I will lead the way, nor, methinks, will Hector, son of Priam, longer abide, how eager soever he be. And whoso is a man, staunch in fight, but hath a small shield on his shoulder, let him give it to a worser man, and himself harness him in a large shield.
Ἀργεῖοι καὶ δʼ αὖτε μεθίεμεν Ἕκτορι νίκην Πριαμίδῃ, ἵνα νῆας ἕλῃ καὶ κῦδος ἄρηται; ἀλλʼ μὲν οὕτω φησὶ καὶ εὔχεται οὕνεκʼ Ἀχιλλεὺς νηυσὶν ἔπι γλαφυρῇσι μένει κεχολωμένος ἦτορ· κείνου δʼ οὔ τι λίην ποθὴ ἔσσεται, εἴ κεν οἳ ἄλλοι ἡμεῖς ὀτρυνώμεθʼ ἀμυνέμεν ἀλλήλοισιν. ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ ὡς ἂν ἐγὼ εἴπω πειθώμεθα πάντες· ἀσπίδες ὅσσαι ἄρισται ἐνὶ στρατῷ ἠδὲ μέγισται ἑσσάμενοι, κεφαλὰς δὲ παναίθῃσιν κορύθεσσι κρύψαντες, χερσίν τε τὰ μακρότατʼ ἔγχεʼ ἑλόντες ἴομεν· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἡγήσομαι, οὐδʼ ἔτι φημὶ Ἕκτορα Πριαμίδην μενέειν μάλα περ μεμαῶτα. ὃς δέ κʼ ἀνὴρ μενέχαρμος, ἔχει δʼ ὀλίγον σάκος ὤμῳ, χείρονι φωτὶ δότω, δʼ ἐν ἀσπίδι μείζονι δύτω.
Lines 378–392
even the son of Tydeus, and Odysseus, and Atreus' son Agamemnon. And going throughout all the host, they made exchange of battle-gear. In good armour did the good warrior harness him, and to the worse they gave the worse. Then when they had clothed their bodies in gleaming bronze, they set forth, and Poseidon, the Shaker of Earth, led them, bearing in his strong hand a dread sword, long of edge, like unto the lightning, wherewith it is not permitted that any should mingle in dreadful war, but terror holds men aloof therefrom. But the Trojans over against them was glorious Hector setting in array. Then verily were strained the cords of war's most dreadful strife by dark-haired Poseidon and glorious Hector, bearing aid the one to the Trojans, the other to the Argives. And the sea surged up to the huts and ships of the Argives, and the two sides clashed with a mighty din. Not so loudly bellows the wave of the sea upon the shore,
ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἳ δʼ ἄρα τοῦ μάλα μὲν κλύον ἠδὲ πίθοντο· τοὺς δʼ αὐτοὶ βασιλῆες ἐκόσμεον οὐτάμενοί περ Τυδεΐδης Ὀδυσεύς τε καὶ Ἀτρεΐδης Ἀγαμέμνων· οἰχόμενοι δʼ ἐπὶ πάντας ἀρήϊα τεύχεʼ ἄμειβον· ἐσθλὰ μὲν ἐσθλὸς ἔδυνε, χέρεια δὲ χείρονι δόσκεν. αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἕσσαντο περὶ χροῒ νώροπα χαλκὸν βάν ῥʼ ἴμεν· ἦρχε δʼ ἄρά σφι Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων δεινὸν ἄορ τανύηκες ἔχων ἐν χειρὶ παχείῃ εἴκελον ἀστεροπῇ· τῷ δʼ οὐ θέμις ἐστὶ μιγῆναι ἐν δαῒ λευγαλέῃ, ἀλλὰ δέος ἰσχάνει ἄνδρας. Τρῶας δʼ αὖθʼ ἑτέρωθεν ἐκόσμει φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ. δή ῥα τότʼ αἰνοτάτην ἔριδα πτολέμοιο τάνυσσαν κυανοχαῖτα Ποσειδάων καὶ φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ, ἤτοι μὲν Τρώεσσιν, δʼ Ἀργείοισιν ἀρήγων. ἐκλύσθη δὲ θάλασσα ποτὶ κλισίας τε νέας τε
Lattimore commentary
Reality in the narrative (the encroaching sea) turns immediately into simile (the sound of battle is louder than the surf’s roar).
Lines 393–407
driven up from the deep by the dread blast of the North Wind, nor so loud is the roar of blazing fire in the glades of a nuountain when it leapeth to burn the forest, nor doth the wind shriek so loud amid the high crests of the oaks—the wind that roareth the loudest in its rage— as then was the cry of Trojans and Achaeans, shouting in terrible wise as they leapt upon each other. one of his shield and one of his silver-studded sword—were stretched across his breast; and they guarded his tender flesh. And Hector waxed wroth for that the swift shaft had flown vainly from his hand, and back he shrank into the throng of his comrades, avoiding fate. But thereupon as he drew back, great Telamonian Aias smote him with a stone;
Ἀργείων· οἳ δὲ ξύνισαν μεγάλῳ ἀλαλητῷ. οὔτε θαλάσσης κῦμα τόσον βοάᾳ ποτὶ χέρσον ποντόθεν ὀρνύμενον πνοιῇ Βορέω ἀλεγεινῇ· οὔτε πυρὸς τόσσός γε ποτὶ βρόμος αἰθομένοιο οὔρεος ἐν βήσσῃς, ὅτε τʼ ὤρετο καιέμεν ὕλην· οὔτʼ ἄνεμος τόσσόν γε περὶ δρυσὶν ὑψικόμοισι ἠπύει, ὅς τε μάλιστα μέγα βρέμεται χαλεπαίνων, ὅσση ἄρα Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἔπλετο φωνὴ δεινὸν ἀϋσάντων, ὅτʼ ἐπʼ ἀλλήλοισιν ὄρουσαν. Αἴαντος δὲ πρῶτος ἀκόντισε φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ ἔγχει, ἐπεὶ τέτραπτο πρὸς ἰθύ οἱ, οὐδʼ ἀφάμαρτε, τῇ ῥα δύω τελαμῶνε περὶ στήθεσσι τετάσθην, ἤτοι μὲν σάκεος, δὲ φασγάνου ἀργυροήλου· τώ οἱ ῥυσάσθην τέρενα χρόα. χώσατο δʼ Ἕκτωρ, ὅττί ῥά οἱ βέλος ὠκὺ ἐτώσιον ἔκφυγε χειρός,
Lines 408–422
for many there were, props of the swift ships, that rolled amid their feet as they fought; of these he lifted one on high, and smote Hector on the chest over the shield-rim, hard by the neck, and set him whirling like a top with the blow; and he spun round and round. And even as when beneath the blast of father Zeus an oak falleth uprooted, and a dread reek of brimstone ariseth therefrom—then verily courage no longer possesseth him that looketh thereon and standeth near by, for dread is the bolt of great Zeus—even so fell mighty Hector forthwith to the ground in the dust. And the spear fell from his hand, but the shield was hurled upon him, and the helm withal, and round about him rang his armour dight with bronze. Then with loud shouts they ran up, the sons of the Achaeans, hoping to drag him off, and they hurled their spears thick and fast; but no one availed to wound the shepherd of the host with thrust or with cast, for ere that might be, the bravest stood forth to guard him,
ἂψ δʼ ἑτάρων εἰς ἔθνος ἐχάζετο κῆρʼ ἀλεείνων. τὸν μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἀπιόντα μέγας Τελαμώνιος Αἴας χερμαδίῳ, τά ῥα πολλὰ θοάων ἔχματα νηῶν πὰρ ποσὶ μαρναμένων ἐκυλίνδετο, τῶν ἓν ἀείρας στῆθος βεβλήκει ὑπὲρ ἄντυγος ἀγχόθι δειρῆς, στρόμβον δʼ ὣς ἔσσευε βαλών, περὶ δʼ ἔδραμε πάντῃ. ὡς δʼ ὅθʼ ὑπὸ πληγῆς πατρὸς Διὸς ἐξερίπῃ δρῦς πρόρριζος, δεινὴ δὲ θεείου γίγνεται ὀδμὴ ἐξ αὐτῆς, τὸν δʼ οὔ περ ἔχει θράσος ὅς κεν ἴδηται ἐγγὺς ἐών, χαλεπὸς δὲ Διὸς μεγάλοιο κεραυνός, ὣς ἔπεσʼ Ἕκτορος ὦκα χαμαὶ μένος ἐν κονίῃσι· χειρὸς δʼ ἔκβαλεν ἔγχος, ἐπʼ αὐτῷ δʼ ἀσπὶς ἑάφθη καὶ κόρυς, ἀμφὶ δέ οἱ βράχε τεύχεα ποικίλα χαλκῷ. οἳ δὲ μέγα ἰάχοντες ἐπέδραμον υἷες Ἀχαιῶν ἐλπόμενοι ἐρύεσθαι, ἀκόντιζον δὲ θαμειὰς
Lines 423–437
even Polydamas, and Aeneas, and goodly Agenor, and Sarpedon, leader of the Lycians, and peerless Glaucus withal, and of the rest was no man unheedful of him, but before him they held their round shields; and his comrades lifted him up in their arms and bare him forth from the toil of war until he came to the swift horses that stood waiting for him at the rear of the battle and the conflict, with their charioteer and chariot richly dight. These bare him groaning heavily toward the city. But when they were now come to the ford of the fair-flowing river, even eddying Xanthus, that immortal Zeus begat, there they lifted him from the chariot to the ground and poured water upon him. And he revived, and looked up with his eyes, and kneeling on his knees he vomited forth black blood. Then again he sank back upon the ground, and both his eyes were enfolded in black night; and the blow still overwhelmed his spirit.
αἰχμάς· ἀλλʼ οὔ τις ἐδυνήσατο ποιμένα λαῶν οὐτάσαι οὐδὲ βαλεῖν· πρὶν γὰρ περίβησαν ἄριστοι Πουλυδάμας τε καὶ Αἰνείας καὶ δῖος Ἀγήνωρ Σαρπηδών τʼ ἀρχὸς Λυκίων καὶ Γλαῦκος ἀμύμων. τῶν δʼ ἄλλων οὔ τίς εὑ ἀκήδεσεν, ἀλλὰ πάροιθεν ἀσπίδας εὐκύκλους σχέθον αὐτοῦ. τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ἑταῖροι χερσὶν ἀείραντες φέρον ἐκ πόνου, ὄφρʼ ἵκεθʼ ἵππους ὠκέας, οἵ οἱ ὄπισθε μάχης ἠδὲ πτολέμοιο ἕστασαν ἡνίοχόν τε καὶ ἅρματα ποικίλʼ ἔχοντες· οἳ τόν γε προτὶ ἄστυ φέρον βαρέα στενάχοντα. ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ πόρον ἷξον ἐϋρρεῖος ποταμοῖο Ξάνθου δινήεντος, ὃν ἀθάνατος τέκετο Ζεύς, ἔνθά μιν ἐξ ἵππων πέλασαν χθονί, κὰδ δέ οἱ ὕδωρ χεῦαν· δʼ ἀμπνύνθη καὶ ἀνέδρακεν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν, ἑζόμενος δʼ ἐπὶ γοῦνα κελαινεφὲς αἷμʼ ἀπέμεσσεν·
Lines 438–452
But when the Argives saw Hector withdrawing, they leapt yet the more upon the Trojans, and bethought them of battle. Then far the first did swift Aias, son of Oïleus, leap upon Satnius and wound him with a thrust of his sharp spear, even the son of Enops, whom a peerless Naiad nymph conceived to Enops, as he tended his herds by the banks of Satnioeis. To him did the son of Oïleus, famed for his spear, draw nigh, and smite him upon the flank; and he fell backward, and about him Trojans and Danaans joined in fierce conflict. To him then came Polydamas, wielder of the spear, to bear him aid, even the son of Panthous, and he cast and smote upon the right shoulder Prothoënor, son of Areïlycus, and through the shoulder the mighty spear held its way; and he fell in the dust and clutched the ground with his palm. And Polydamas exulted over him in terrible wise, and cried aloud: Hah, methinks, yet again from the strong hand of the great-souled son of Panthoushath the spear leapt not in vain. Nay, one of the Argives hath got it in his flesh, and leaning thereon for a staff; methinks, will he go down into the house of Hades. So spake he, but upon the Argives came sorrow by reason of his exulting, and beyond all did he stir the soul of Aias, wise of heart,
αὖτις δʼ ἐξοπίσω πλῆτο χθονί, τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε νὺξ ἐκάλυψε μέλαινα· βέλος δʼ ἔτι θυμὸν ἐδάμνα. Ἀργεῖοι δʼ ὡς οὖν ἴδον Ἕκτορα νόσφι κιόντα μᾶλλον ἐπὶ Τρώεσσι θόρον, μνήσαντο δὲ χάρμης. ἔνθα πολὺ πρώτιστος Ὀϊλῆος ταχὺς Αἴας Σάτνιον οὔτασε δουρὶ μετάλμενος ὀξυόεντι Ἠνοπίδην, ὃν ἄρα νύμφη τέκε νηῒς ἀμύμων Ἤνοπι βουκολέοντι παρʼ ὄχθας Σατνιόεντος. τὸν μὲν Ὀϊλιάδης δουρὶ κλυτὸς ἐγγύθεν ἐλθὼν οὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην· δʼ ἀνετράπετʼ, ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρʼ αὐτῷ Τρῶες καὶ Δαναοὶ σύναγον κρατερὴν ὑσμίνην. τῷ δʼ ἐπὶ Πουλυδάμας ἐγχέσπαλος ἦλθεν ἀμύντωρ Πανθοΐδης, βάλε δὲ Προθοήνορα δεξιὸν ὦμον υἱὸν Ἀρηϊλύκοιο, διʼ ὤμου δʼ ὄβριμον ἔγχος ἔσχεν, δʼ ἐν κονίῃσι πεσὼν ἕλε γαῖαν ἀγοστῷ.
Lines 453
Πουλυδάμας δʼ ἔκπαγλον ἐπεύξατο μακρὸν ἀΰσας·
Lines 454–457
hath the spear leapt not in vain. Nay, one of the Argives hath got it in his flesh, and leaning thereon for a staff; methinks, will he go down into the house of Hades.
οὐ μὰν αὖτʼ ὀΐω μεγαθύμου Πανθοΐδαο χειρὸς ἄπο στιβαρῆς ἅλιον πηδῆσαι ἄκοντα, ἀλλά τις Ἀργείων κόμισε χροΐ, καί μιν ὀΐω αὐτῷ σκηπτόμενον κατίμεν δόμον Ἄϊδος εἴσω.
Lines 458–469
the son of Telamon, for closest to him did the man fall. Swiftly then he cast with his bright spear at the other, even as he was drawing back. And Polydamas himself escaped black fate, springing to one side; but Archelochus, son of Antenor, received the spear; for to him the gods purposed death. Him the spear smote at the joining of head and neck on the topmost joint of the spine, and it shore off both the sinews. And far sooner did his head and mouth and nose reach the earth as he fell, than his legs and knees. Then Aias in his turn called aloud to peerless Polydamas:
ὣς ἔφατʼ, Ἀργείοισι δʼ ἄχος γένετʼ εὐξαμένοιο· Αἴαντι δὲ μάλιστα δαΐφρονι θυμὸν ὄρινε τῷ Τελαμωνιάδῃ· τοῦ γὰρ πέσεν ἄγχι μάλιστα. καρπαλίμως δʼ ἀπιόντος ἀκόντισε δουρὶ φαεινῷ. Πουλυδάμας δʼ αὐτὸς μὲν ἀλεύατο κῆρα μέλαιναν λικριφὶς ἀΐξας, κόμισεν δʼ Ἀντήνορος υἱὸς Ἀρχέλοχος· τῷ γάρ ῥα θεοὶ βούλευσαν ὄλεθρον. τόν ῥʼ ἔβαλεν κεφαλῆς τε καὶ αὐχένος ἐν συνεοχμῷ, νείατον ἀστράγαλον, ἀπὸ δʼ ἄμφω κέρσε τένοντε· τοῦ δὲ πολὺ προτέρη κεφαλὴ στόμα τε ῥῖνές τε οὔδεϊ πλῆντʼ περ κνῆμαι καὶ γοῦνα πεσόντος. Αἴας δʼ αὖτʼ ἐγέγωνεν ἀμύμονι Πουλυδάμαντι·
Lines 470–474
Bethink thee, Polydamas, and tell me in good sooth, was not this man worthy to be slain in requital for Prothoënor? No mean man seemeth he to me, nor of mean descent, but a brother of Antenor, tamer of horses, or haply a son; for he is most like to him in build.
φράζεο Πουλυδάμα καί μοι νημερτὲς ἐνίσπες ῥʼ οὐχ οὗτος ἀνὴρ Προθοήνορος ἀντὶ πεφάσθαι ἄξιος; οὐ μέν μοι κακὸς εἴδεται οὐδὲ κακῶν ἔξ, ἀλλὰ κασίγνητος Ἀντήνορος ἱπποδάμοιο πάϊς· αὐτῷ γὰρ γενεὴν ἄγχιστα ἐῴκει.
Lattimore commentary
Aias’ knowledge of his enemy’s identity and kin is authentic enough, in view of the nine-year struggle during which both sides had time to become intimately acquainted.
Lines 475–478
So spake he, knowing the truth full well, and sorrow seized the hearts of the Trojans. Then Acamas, as he bestrode his brother, smote with a thrust of his spear the Boeotian Promachus, who was seeking to drag the body from beneath him by the feet. And over him Acamas exulted in terrible wise, and cried aloud: Ye Argives, that rage with the bow, insatiate of threatenings,not for us alone, look you, shall there be toil and woe, but even in like manner shall ye too be slain. Mark how your Promachus sleepeth, vanquished by my spear, to the end that the blood-price of my brother be not long unpaid. Aye, and for this reason doth a man praythat a kinsman be left him in his halls, to be a warder off of ruin. So spake he, and upon the Argives came sorrow by reason of his exuIting, and beyond all did he stir the soul of wise-hearted Peneleos. He rushed upon Acamas, but Acamas abode not the onset of the prince Peneleos. Howbeit Peneleos thrust and smote Ilioneus,
ῥʼ εὖ γιγνώσκων, Τρῶας δʼ ἄχος ἔλλαβε θυμόν. ἔνθʼ Ἀκάμας Πρόμαχον Βοιώτιον οὔτασε δουρὶ ἀμφὶ κασιγνήτῳ βεβαώς· δʼ ὕφελκε ποδοῖιν. τῷ δʼ Ἀκάμας ἔκπαγλον ἐπεύξατο μακρὸν ἀΰσας·
Lines 479–485
not for us alone, look you, shall there be toil and woe, but even in like manner shall ye too be slain. Mark how your Promachus sleepeth, vanquished by my spear, to the end that the blood-price of my brother be not long unpaid. Aye, and for this reason doth a man pray that a kinsman be left him in his halls, to be a warder off of ruin.
Ἀργεῖοι ἰόμωροι ἀπειλάων ἀκόρητοι οὔ θην οἴοισίν γε πόνος τʼ ἔσεται καὶ ὀϊζὺς ἡμῖν, ἀλλά ποθʼ ὧδε κατακτενέεσθε καὶ ὔμμες. φράζεσθʼ ὡς ὑμῖν Πρόμαχος δεδμημένος εὕδει ἔγχει ἐμῷ, ἵνα μή τι κασιγνήτοιό γε ποινὴ δηρὸν ἄτιτος ἔῃ· τὼ καί κέ τις εὔχεται ἀνὴρ γνωτὸν ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἀρῆς ἀλκτῆρα λιπέσθαι.
Lines 486–500
son of Phorbas, rich in herds, whom Hermes loved above all the Trojans and gave him wealth; and to him the mother bare Ilioneus, an only child. Him then did Peneleos smite beneath the brow at the roots of the eyes, and drave out the eyeball, and the shaft went clean through the eye and through the nape ot the neck, and he sank down stretching out both his hands. But Peneleos drawing his sharp sword let drive full upon his neck, and smote off to the the ground the head with the helmet, and still the mighty spear stood in the eye; and holding it on high like a poppy-head he shewed it to the Trojans, and spake a word exultingly: Tell, I pray you, ye Trojans, to the dear father and the mother of lordly Ilioneus to make wailing in their halls, for neither will the wife of Promachus, son of Alegenor, rejoice in the coming of her dear husband,when we youths of the Achdeans return with our ships from out of Troy-land.
ὣς ἔφατʼ, Ἀργείοισι δʼ ἄχος γένετʼ εὐξαμένοιο· Πηνέλεῳ δὲ μάλιστα δαΐφρονι θυμὸν ὄρινεν· ὁρμήθη δʼ Ἀκάμαντος· δʼ οὐχ ὑπέμεινεν ἐρωὴν Πηνελέωο ἄνακτος· δʼ οὔτασεν Ἰλιονῆα υἱὸν Φόρβαντος πολυμήλου, τόν ῥα μάλιστα Ἑρμείας Τρώων ἐφίλει καὶ κτῆσιν ὄπασσε· τῷ δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπὸ μήτηρ μοῦνον τέκεν Ἰλιονῆα. τὸν τόθʼ ὑπʼ ὀφρύος οὖτα κατʼ ὀφθαλμοῖο θέμεθλα, ἐκ δʼ ὦσε γλήνην· δόρυ δʼ ὀφθαλμοῖο διὰ πρὸ καὶ διὰ ἰνίου ἦλθεν, δʼ ἕζετο χεῖρε πετάσσας ἄμφω· Πηνέλεως δὲ ἐρυσσάμενος ξίφος ὀξὺ αὐχένα μέσσον ἔλασσεν, ἀπήραξεν δὲ χαμᾶζε αὐτῇ σὺν πήληκι κάρη· ἔτι δʼ ὄβριμον ἔγχος ἦεν ἐν ὀφθαλμῷ· δὲ φὴ κώδειαν ἀνασχὼν πέφραδέ τε Τρώεσσι καὶ εὐχόμενος ἔπος ηὔδα·
Lattimore commentary
The goriness of this killing, culminating in a horrific exhibition and taunt, reinforces the feeling that all boundaries to the excesses of war have been removed. The ferocious cycle accelerates as men kill in order to avenge their comrades.
Lines 501–505
when we youths of the Achdeans return with our ships from out of Troy-land.
εἰπέμεναί μοι Τρῶες ἀγαυοῦ Ἰλιονῆος πατρὶ φίλῳ καὶ μητρὶ γοήμεναι ἐν μεγάροισιν· οὐδὲ γὰρ Προμάχοιο δάμαρ Ἀλεγηνορίδαο ἀνδρὶ φίλῳ ἐλθόντι γανύσσεται, ὁππότε κεν δὴ ἐκ Τροίης σὺν νηυσὶ νεώμεθα κοῦροι Ἀχαιῶν.
Lines 506–520
when once the famed Shaker of Earth had turned the battle. Aias verily was first, the son of Telamon. He smote Hyrtius, the son of Gyrtius, leader of the Mysians stalwart of heart; and Antilochus stripped the spoils from Phalces and Mermerus, and Meriones slew Morys and Hippotion, and Teucer laid low Prothoön and Periphetes,; thereafter Atreus' son smote with a thrust in the flank Hyperenor, shepherd of the host, and the bronze let forth the bowels, as it clove through, and his soul sped hastening through the stricken wound, and darkness enfolded his eyes. But most men did Aias slay, the swift son of Oïleus; for there was none other like him to pursue with speed of foot amid the rout of men, when Zeus turned them to flight.
ὣς φάτο, τοὺς δʼ ἄρα πάντας ὑπὸ τρόμος ἔλλαβε γυῖα, πάπτηνεν δὲ ἕκαστος ὅπῃ φύγοι αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον. ἔσπετε νῦν μοι Μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματʼ ἔχουσαι ὅς τις δὴ πρῶτος βροτόεντʼ ἀνδράγριʼ Ἀχαιῶν ἤρατʼ, ἐπεί ῥʼ ἔκλινε μάχην κλυτὸς ἐννοσίγαιος. Αἴας ῥα πρῶτος Τελαμώνιος Ὕρτιον οὖτα Γυρτιάδην Μυσῶν ἡγήτορα καρτεροθύμων· Φάλκην δʼ Ἀντίλοχος καὶ Μέρμερον ἐξενάριξε· Μηριόνης δὲ Μόρυν τε καὶ Ἱπποτίωνα κατέκτα, Τεῦκρος δὲ Προθόωνά τʼ ἐνήρατο καὶ Περιφήτην· Ἀτρεΐδης δʼ ἄρʼ ἔπειθʼ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν οὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δʼ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε δῃώσας· ψυχὴ δὲ κατʼ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτʼ ἐπειγομένη, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε. πλείστους δʼ Αἴας εἷλεν Ὀϊλῆος ταχὺς υἱός·
Lattimore commentary
The life force (psykhê) escaping through a wound is an unusually specific anatomical detail within the poem’s conventions for the representation of death.
Lines 521
οὐ γάρ οἵ τις ὁμοῖος ἐπισπέσθαι ποσὶν ἦεν