The Iliad · Book 12

41 passages · 12 speeches · 28 psychological term instances

Lines 1–15

So then amid the huts the valiant son of Menoetius was tending the wounded Eurypylus, but the others, Argives and Trojans, fought on in throngs, nor were the ditch of the Danaans and their wide wall above long to protect them, the wall that they had builded as a defence for their ships and had drawn a trench about it—yet they gave not glorious hecatombs to the gods—that it might hold within its bounds their swift ships and abundant spoil, and keep all safe. Howbeit against the will of the immortal gods was it builded; wherefore for no long time did it abide unbroken. As long as Hector yet lived, and Achilles yet cherished his wrath, and the city of king Priam was unsacked, even so long the great wall of the Achaeans likewise abode unbroken. But when all the bravest of the Trojans had died and many of the Argives—some were slain and some were left— and the city of Priam was sacked in the tenth year, and the Argives had gone back in their ships to their dear native land, then verily did Poseidon and Apollo take counsel to sweep away the wall, bringing against it the might of all the rivers that flow forth from the mountains of Ida to the sea—

ὣς ὃ μὲν ἐν κλισίῃσι Μενοιτίου ἄλκιμος υἱὸς ἰᾶτʼ Εὐρύπυλον βεβλημένον· οἳ δὲ μάχοντο Ἀργεῖοι καὶ Τρῶες ὁμιλαδόν· οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔμελλε τάφρος ἔτι σχήσειν Δαναῶν καὶ τεῖχος ὕπερθεν εὐρύ, τὸ ποιήσαντο νεῶν ὕπερ, ἀμφὶ δὲ τάφρον ἤλασαν· οὐδὲ θεοῖσι δόσαν κλειτὰς ἑκατόμβας· ὄφρά σφιν νῆάς τε θοὰς καὶ ληΐδα πολλὴν ἐντὸς ἔχον ῥύοιτο· θεῶν δʼ ἀέκητι τέτυκτο ἀθανάτων· τὸ καὶ οὔ τι πολὺν χρόνον ἔμπεδον ἦεν. ὄφρα μὲν Ἕκτωρ ζωὸς ἔην καὶ μήνιʼ Ἀχιλλεὺς καὶ Πριάμοιο ἄνακτος ἀπόρθητος πόλις ἔπλεν, τόφρα δὲ καὶ μέγα τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν ἔμπεδον ἦεν. αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατὰ μὲν Τρώων θάνον ὅσσοι ἄριστοι, πολλοὶ δʼ Ἀργείων οἳ μὲν δάμεν, οἳ δὲ λίποντο, πέρθετο δὲ Πριάμοιο πόλις δεκάτῳ ἐνιαυτῷ,

Lattimore commentary

The already perilous situation, culminating in the wounding of Greek leaders in the previous book, becomes more ominous with the reminder that the Greeks constructed their wall irreverently. But the long-distance foreshadowing goes beyond the current setbacks in battle and even the fall of Troy, becoming instead a reminder of the fragility of all mortal things, from the gods’ view. The distant scene, now looked back upon from the poet’s day, recalls Greek and Near Eastern stories of a primeval flood that wiped out earlier periods of civilization.

🔗

menos

Lines 16–30

Rhesus and Heptaporus and Caresus and Rhodius, and Granicus and Aesepus, and goodly Scamander, and Simois, by the banks whereof many shields of bull's-hide and many helms fell in the dust, and the race of men half-divine—of all these did Phoebus Apollo turn the mouths together, and for nine days' space he drave their flood against the wall; and Zeus rained ever continually, that the sooner he might whelm the wall in the salt sea. And the Shaker of Earth, bearing his trident in his hands, was himself the leader, and swept forth upon the waves all the foundations of beams and stones, that the Achaeans had laid with toil, and made all smooth along the strong stream of the Hellespont, and again covered the great beach with sand, when he had swept away the wall; and the rivers he turned back to flow in the channel, where aforetime they had been wont to pour their fair streams of water.

Ἀργεῖοι δʼ ἐν νηυσὶ φίλην ἐς πατρίδʼ ἔβησαν, δὴ τότε μητιόωντο Ποσειδάων καὶ Ἀπόλλων τεῖχος ἀμαλδῦναι ποταμῶν μένος εἰσαγαγόντες. ὅσσοι ἀπʼ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ἅλα δὲ προρέουσι, Ῥῆσός θʼ Ἑπτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ῥοδίος τε Γρήνικός τε καὶ Αἴσηπος δῖός τε Σκάμανδρος καὶ Σιμόεις, ὅθι πολλὰ βοάγρια καὶ τρυφάλειαι κάππεσον ἐν κονίῃσι καὶ ἡμιθέων γένος ἀνδρῶν· τῶν πάντων ὁμόσε στόματʼ ἔτραπε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων, ἐννῆμαρ δʼ ἐς τεῖχος ἵει ῥόον· ὗε δʼ ἄρα Ζεὺς συνεχές, ὄφρά κε θᾶσσον ἁλίπλοα τείχεα θείη. αὐτὸς δʼ ἐννοσίγαιος ἔχων χείρεσσι τρίαιναν ἡγεῖτʼ, ἐκ δʼ ἄρα πάντα θεμείλια κύμασι πέμπε φιτρῶν καὶ λάων, τὰ θέσαν μογέοντες Ἀχαιοί, λεῖα δʼ ἐποίησεν παρʼ ἀγάρροον Ἑλλήσποντον,

🔗

Lines 31–45

but then war and the din of war blazed about the well-builded wall, and the beams of the towers rang, as they were smitten; and the Argives, conquered by the scourge of Zeus, were penned by their hollow ships, and held in check in terror of Hector, the mighty deviser of rout, while he as aforetime fought like unto a whirlwind. And as when, among hounds and huntsmen, a wild boar or a lion wheeleth about, exulting in his strength, and these array them in ranks in fashion like a wall, and stand against him, and hurl from their hands javelins thick and fast; yet his valiant heart feareth not nor anywise quaileth, though his valour is his bane; and often he wheeleth him about and maketh trial of the ranks of men, and wheresoever he chargeth, there the ranks of men give way: even on this wise Hector went ever through the throng and besought his comrades,

αὖτις δʼ ἠϊόνα μεγάλην ψαμάθοισι κάλυψε τεῖχος ἀμαλδύνας· ποταμοὺς δʼ ἔτρεψε νέεσθαι κὰρ ῥόον, ᾗ περ πρόσθεν ἵεν καλλίρροον ὕδωρ. ὣς ἄρʼ ἔμελλον ὄπισθε Ποσειδάων καὶ Ἀπόλλων θησέμεναι· τότε δʼ ἀμφὶ μάχη ἐνοπή τε δεδήει τεῖχος ἐΰδμητον, κανάχιζε δὲ δούρατα πύργων βαλλόμενʼ· Ἀργεῖοι δὲ Διὸς μάστιγι δαμέντες νηυσὶν ἔπι γλαφυρῇσιν ἐελμένοι ἰσχανόωντο Ἕκτορα δειδιότες, κρατερὸν μήστωρα φόβοιο· αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ ὡς τὸ πρόσθεν ἐμάρνατο ἶσος ἀέλλῃ· ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἔν τε κύνεσσι καὶ ἀνδράσι θηρευτῇσι κάπριος ἠὲ λέων στρέφεται σθένεϊ βλεμεαίνων· οἳ δέ τε πυργηδὸν σφέας αὐτοὺς ἀρτύναντες ἀντίον ἵστανται καὶ ἀκοντίζουσι θαμειὰς αἰχμὰς ἐκ χειρῶν· τοῦ δʼ οὔ ποτε κυδάλιμον κῆρ

🔗

kradie

Lines 46–60

urging them to cross the trench. Howbeit his swift-footed horses dared not, but loudly they neighed, standing on the sheer brink, for the trench affrighted them, so wide was it, easy neither to o'erleap at a bound nor to drive across; for over-hanging banks stood all about its circuit on this side and on that, and at the top it was set with sharp stakes that the sons of the Achaeans had planted, close together and great, a defence against foemen. Not lightly might a horse, tugging at the wheeled car, get within that circuit; but the footmen were eager, if thy might achieve it. Then verily Polydamas drew nigh to Hector, and spake, saying: Hector, and ye other leaders of the Trojans and allies, it is but folly that we seek to drive across the trench our swift horses; hard in sooth is it to cross, for sharp stakes are set in it, and close anigh them is the wall of the Achaeans.There is it no wise possible for charioteers to descend and fight; for the space is narrow, and then methinks shall we suffer hurt. For if Zeus, that thundereth on high, is utterly to crush our foes in his wrath, and is minded to give aid unto the Trojans, there verily were I too fain that this might forthwith come to pass, that the Achaeans should perish here far from Argos, and have no name;but if they turn upon us and we be driven back from the ships and become entangled in the digged ditch, then methinks shall not one man of us return back to the city from before the Achaeans when they rally, even to bear the tidings.But come, even as I shall bid, let us all obey. As for the horses, let the squires hold them back by the trench, but let us on foot, arrayed in our armour, follow all in one throng after Hector; and the Achaeans will not withstand us, if so be the bonds of destruction are made fast upon them.

ταρβεῖ οὐδὲ φοβεῖται, ἀγηνορίη δέ μιν ἔκτα· ταρφέα τε στρέφεται στίχας ἀνδρῶν πειρητίζων· ὅππῃ τʼ ἰθύσῃ τῇ εἴκουσι στίχες ἀνδρῶν· ὣς Ἕκτωρ ἀνʼ ὅμιλον ἰὼν ἐλλίσσεθʼ ἑταίρους τάφρον ἐποτρύνων διαβαινέμεν· οὐδέ οἱ ἵπποι τόλμων ὠκύποδες, μάλα δὲ χρεμέτιζον ἐπʼ ἄκρῳ χείλει ἐφεσταότες· ἀπὸ γὰρ δειδίσσετο τάφρος εὐρεῖʼ, οὔτʼ ἄρʼ ὑπερθορέειν σχεδὸν οὔτε περῆσαι ῥηϊδίη· κρημνοὶ γὰρ ἐπηρεφέες περὶ πᾶσαν ἕστασαν ἀμφοτέρωθεν, ὕπερθεν δὲ σκολόπεσσιν ὀξέσιν ἠρήρει, τοὺς ἵστασαν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν πυκνοὺς καὶ μεγάλους δηΐων ἀνδρῶν ἀλεωρήν. ἔνθʼ οὔ κεν ῥέα ἵππος ἐΰτροχον ἅρμα τιταίνων ἐσβαίη, πεζοὶ δὲ μενοίνεον εἰ τελέουσι. δὴ τότε Πουλυδάμας θρασὺν Ἕκτορα εἶπε παραστάς·

🔗

Polydamas to Hector

Lines 61–79

There is it no wise possible for charioteers to descend and fight; for the space is narrow, and then methinks shall we suffer hurt. For if Zeus, that thundereth on high, is utterly to crush our foes in his wrath, and is minded to give aid unto the Trojans, there verily were I too fain that this might forthwith come to pass, that the Achaeans should perish here far from Argos, and have no name; but if they turn upon us and we be driven back from the ships and become entangled in the digged ditch, then methinks shall not one man of us return back to the city from before the Achaeans when they rally, even to bear the tidings. But come, even as I shall bid, let us all obey. As for the horses, let the squires hold them back by the trench, but let us on foot, arrayed in our armour, follow all in one throng after Hector; and the Achaeans will not withstand us, if so be the bonds of destruction are made fast upon them.

Ἕκτορ τʼ ἠδʼ ἄλλοι Τρώων ἀγοὶ ἠδʼ ἐπικούρων ἀφραδέως διὰ τάφρον ἐλαύνομεν ὠκέας ἵππους· ἣ δὲ μάλʼ ἀργαλέη περάαν· σκόλοπες γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ ὀξέες ἑστᾶσιν, ποτὶ δʼ αὐτοὺς τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν, ἔνθʼ οὔ πως ἔστιν καταβήμεναι οὐδὲ μάχεσθαι ἱππεῦσι· στεῖνος γάρ, ὅθι τρώσεσθαι ὀΐω. εἰ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς πάγχυ κακὰ φρονέων ἀλαπάζει Ζεὺς ὑψιβρεμέτης, Τρώεσσι δὲ ἵετʼ ἀρήγειν, ἦ τʼ ἂν ἔγωγʼ ἐθέλοιμι καὶ αὐτίκα τοῦτο γενέσθαι, νωνύμνους ἀπολέσθαι ἀπʼ Ἄργεος ἐνθάδʼ Ἀχαιούς· εἰ δέ χʼ ὑποστρέψωσι, παλίωξις δὲ γένηται ἐκ νηῶν καὶ τάφρῳ ἐνιπλήξωμεν ὀρυκτῇ, οὐκέτʼ ἔπειτʼ ὀΐω οὐδʼ ἄγγελον ἀπονέεσθαι ἄψορρον προτὶ ἄστυ ἑλιχθέντων ὑπʼ Ἀχαιῶν. ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ ὡς ἂν ἐγὼ εἴπω πειθώμεθα πάντες· ἵππους μὲν θεράποντες ἐρυκόντων ἐπὶ τάφρῳ, αὐτοὶ δὲ πρυλέες σὺν τεύχεσι θωρηχθέντες Ἕκτορι πάντες ἑπώμεθʼ ἀολλέες· αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιοὶ οὐ μενέουσʼ εἰ δή σφιν ὀλέθρου πείρατʼ ἐφῆπται.

🔗

peitho

Lines 80–94

So spake Polydamas, and his prudent counsel was well pleasing unto Hector, and forthwith he leapt in his armour from his chariot to the ground. Nor did the other Trojans remain gathered together upon their chariots, but they all leapt forth when they beheld goodly Hector afoot. Then on his own charioteer each man laid command to hold in his horses well and orderly there at the trench, but the men divided and arrayed themselves, and marshalled in five companies they followed after the leaders. Some went with Hector and peerless Polydamas, even they that were most in number and bravest, and that were most fain to break through the wall and fight by the hollow ships, and with them followed Cebriones as the third; for by his chariot had Hector left another man, weaker than Cebriones. The second company was led by Paris and Alcathous and Agenor, and the third by Helenus and godlike Deïphobus—

ὣς φάτο Πουλυδάμας, ἅδε δʼ Ἕκτορι μῦθος ἀπήμων, αὐτίκα δʼ ἐξ ὀχέων σὺν τεύχεσιν ἆλτο χαμᾶζε. οὐδὲ μὲν ἄλλοι Τρῶες ἐφʼ ἵππων ἠγερέθοντο, ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ πάντες ὄρουσαν, ἐπεὶ ἴδον Ἕκτορα δῖον. ἡνιόχῳ μὲν ἔπειτα ἑῷ ἐπέτελλεν ἕκαστος ἵππους εὖ κατὰ κόσμον ἐρυκέμεν αὖθʼ ἐπὶ τάφρῳ· οἳ δὲ διαστάντες σφέας αὐτοὺς ἀρτύναντες πένταχα κοσμηθέντες ἅμʼ ἡγεμόνεσσιν ἕποντο. οἳ μὲν ἅμʼ Ἕκτορʼ ἴσαν καὶ ἀμύμονι Πουλυδάμαντι, οἳ πλεῖστοι καὶ ἄριστοι ἔσαν, μέμασαν δὲ μάλιστα τεῖχος ῥηξάμενοι κοίλῃς ἐπὶ νηυσὶ μάχεσθαι. καί σφιν Κεβριόνης τρίτος εἵπετο· πὰρ δʼ ἄρʼ ὄχεσφιν ἄλλον Κεβριόναο χερείονα κάλλιπεν Ἕκτωρ. τῶν δʼ ἑτέρων Πάρις ἦρχε καὶ Ἀλκάθοος καὶ Ἀγήνωρ, τῶν δὲ τρίτων Ἕλενος καὶ Δηΐφοβος θεοειδὴς

🔗

Lines 95–109

sons twain of Priam; and a third was with them, the warrior Asius,—Asius son of Hyrtacus, whom his horses tawny and great had borne from Arisbe, from the river Selleïs. And of the fourth company the valiant son of Anchises was leader, even Aeneas, and with him were Antenor's two sons, Archelochus and Acamas, well skilled in all manner of fighting. And Sarpedon led the glorious allies, and he chose as his comrades Glaucus and warlike Asteropaeus, for these seemed to him to be the bravest beyond all others after his own self, but he was pre-eminent even amid all. These then when they had fenced one another with their well-wrought shields of bull's-hide, made straight for the Danaans, full eagerly, nor deemed they that they would any more be stayed, but would fall upon the black ships.

υἷε δύω Πριάμοιο· τρίτος δʼ ἦν Ἄσιος ἥρως Ἄσιος Ὑρτακίδης, ὃν Ἀρίσβηθεν φέρον ἵπποι αἴθωνες μεγάλοι ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος. τῶν δὲ τετάρτων ἦρχεν ἐῢς πάϊς Ἀγχίσαο Αἰνείας, ἅμα τῷ γε δύω Ἀντήνορος υἷε Ἀρχέλοχός τʼ Ἀκάμας τε μάχης εὖ εἰδότε πάσης. Σαρπηδὼν δʼ ἡγήσατʼ ἀγακλειτῶν ἐπικούρων, πρὸς δʼ ἕλετο Γλαῦκον καὶ ἀρήϊον Ἀστεροπαῖον· οἳ γάρ οἱ εἴσαντο διακριδὸν εἶναι ἄριστοι τῶν ἄλλων μετά γʼ αὐτόν· ὃ δʼ ἔπρεπε καὶ διὰ πάντων. οἳ δʼ ἐπεὶ ἀλλήλους ἄραρον τυκτῇσι βόεσσι βάν ῥʼ ἰθὺς Δαναῶν λελιημένοι, οὐδʼ ἔτʼ ἔφαντο σχήσεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ἐν νηυσὶ μελαίνῃσιν πεσέεσθαι. ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι Τρῶες τηλεκλειτοί τʼ ἐπίκουροι βουλῇ Πουλυδάμαντος ἀμωμήτοιο πίθοντο·

🔗

peitho

Lines 110–124

but Asius, son of Hyrtacus, leader of men, was not minded to leave there his horses and his squire the charioteer, but chariot and all he drew nigh to the swift ships, fool that he was! for he was not to escape the evil fates, and return, glorying in horses and chariot, back from the ships to windy Ilios. Nay, ere that might be, fate, of evil name, enfolded him, by the spear of Idomeneus, the lordly son of Deucalion. For he made for the left wing of the ships, even where the Achaeans were wont to return from the plain with horses and chariots: there drave he through his horses and car, and at the gate he found not the doors shut nor the long bar drawn, but men were holding them flung wide open, if so be they might save any of their comrades fleeing from out the battle toward the ships. Thither of set purpose drave he his horses, and after him followed his men with shrill cries,

ἀλλʼ οὐχ Ὑρτακίδης ἔθελʼ Ἄσιος ὄρχαμος ἀνδρῶν αὖθι λιπεῖν ἵππους τε καὶ ἡνίοχον θεράποντα, ἀλλὰ σὺν αὐτοῖσιν πέλασεν νήεσσι θοῇσι νήπιος, οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔμελλε κακὰς ὑπὸ κῆρας ἀλύξας ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφιν ἀγαλλόμενος παρὰ νηῶν ἂψ ἀπονοστήσειν προτὶ Ἴλιον ἠνεμόεσσαν· πρόσθεν γάρ μιν μοῖρα δυσώνυμος ἀμφεκάλυψεν ἔγχεϊ Ἰδομενῆος ἀγαυοῦ Δευκαλίδαο. εἴσατο γὰρ νηῶν ἐπʼ ἀριστερά, τῇ περ Ἀχαιοὶ ἐκ πεδίου νίσοντο σὺν ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφι· τῇ ῥʼ ἵππους τε καὶ ἅρμα διήλασεν, οὐδὲ πύλῃσιν εὗρʼ ἐπικεκλιμένας σανίδας καὶ μακρὸν ὀχῆα, ἀλλʼ ἀναπεπταμένας ἔχον ἀνέρες, εἴ τινʼ ἑταίρων ἐκ πολέμου φεύγοντα σαώσειαν μετὰ νῆας. τῇ ῥʼ ἰθὺς φρονέων ἵππους ἔχε, τοὶ δʼ ἅμʼ ἕποντο

🔗

nostos

Lines 125–139

for they deemed that they would no more be stayed of the Achaeans, but would fall upon the black ships—fools that they were! for at the gate they found two warriors most valiant, high-hearted sons of Lapith spearmen, the one stalwart Polypoetes, son of Peirithous, and the other Leonteus, peer of Ares the bane of men. These twain before the high gate stood firm even as oaks of lofty crest among the mountains, that ever abide the wind and rain day by day, firm fixed with roots great and long; even so these twain, trusting in the might of their arms, abode the oncoming of great Asius, and fled not. But their foes came straight against the well-built wall, lifting on high their shields of dry bull's-hide with loud shouting, round about king Asius, and Iamenus, and Orestes,

ὀξέα κεκλήγοντες· ἔφαντο γὰρ οὐκ ἔτʼ Ἀχαιοὺς σχήσεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ἐν νηυσὶ μελαίνῃσιν πεσέεσθαι νήπιοι, ἐν δὲ πύλῃσι δύʼ ἀνέρας εὗρον ἀρίστους υἷας ὑπερθύμους Λαπιθάων αἰχμητάων, τὸν μὲν Πειριθόου υἷα κρατερὸν Πολυποίτην, τὸν δὲ Λεοντῆα βροτολοιγῷ ἶσον Ἄρηϊ. τὼ μὲν ἄρα προπάροιθε πυλάων ὑψηλάων ἕστασαν ὡς ὅτε τε δρύες οὔρεσιν ὑψικάρηνοι, αἵ τʼ ἄνεμον μίμνουσι καὶ ὑετὸν ἤματα πάντα ῥίζῃσιν μεγάλῃσι διηνεκέεσσʼ ἀραρυῖαι· ὣς ἄρα τὼ χείρεσσι πεποιθότες ἠδὲ βίηφι μίμνον ἐπερχόμενον μέγαν Ἄσιον οὐδὲ φέβοντο. οἳ δʼ ἰθὺς πρὸς τεῖχος ἐΰδμητον βόας αὔας ὑψόσʼ ἀνασχόμενοι ἔκιον μεγάλῳ ἀλαλητῷ Ἄσιον ἀμφὶ ἄνακτα καὶ Ἰαμενὸν καὶ Ὀρέστην

🔗

peitho

Lines 140–154

and Adamas, son of Asius, and Thoön and Oenomaus. And the Lapiths for a time from within the wall had been rousing the well-greaved Achaeans to fight in defence of the ships; but when they saw the Trojans rushing upon the wall, while the Danaans with loud cries turned in flight, forth rushed the twain and fought in front of the gate like wild boars that amid the mountains abide the tumultuous throng of men and dogs that cometh against them, and charging from either side they crush the trees about them, cutting them at the root, and therefrom ariseth a clatter of tusks, till one smite them and take their life away: even so clattered the bright bronze about the breasts of the twain, as they were smitten with faces toward the foe; for . right hardily they fought, trusting in the host above them and in their own might.

Ἀσιάδην τʼ Ἀδάμαντα Θόωνά τε Οἰνόμαόν τε. οἳ δʼ ἤτοι εἷος μὲν ἐϋκνήμιδας Ἀχαιοὺς ὄρνυον ἔνδον ἐόντες ἀμύνεσθαι περὶ νηῶν· αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ τεῖχος ἐπεσσυμένους ἐνόησαν Τρῶας, ἀτὰρ Δαναῶν γένετο ἰαχή τε φόβος τε, ἐκ δὲ τὼ ἀΐξαντε πυλάων πρόσθε μαχέσθην ἀγροτέροισι σύεσσιν ἐοικότε, τώ τʼ ἐν ὄρεσσιν ἀνδρῶν ἠδὲ κυνῶν δέχαται κολοσυρτὸν ἰόντα, δοχμώ τʼ ἀΐσσοντε περὶ σφίσιν ἄγνυτον ὕλην πρυμνὴν ἐκτάμνοντες, ὑπαὶ δέ τε κόμπος ὀδόντων γίγνεται εἰς ὅ κέ τίς τε βαλὼν ἐκ θυμὸν ἕληται· ὣς τῶν κόμπει χαλκὸς ἐπὶ στήθεσσι φαεινὸς ἄντην βαλλομένων· μάλα γὰρ κρατερῶς ἐμάχοντο λαοῖσιν καθύπερθε πεποιθότες ἠδὲ βίηφιν. οἳ δʼ ἄρα χερμαδίοισιν ἐϋδμήτων ἀπὸ πύργων

Lattimore commentary

With the sustained attack on its wall, the Greek camp comes to resemble a miniature Troy, a defensive site, enabling the audience to imagine the ineffectiveness of a Greek assault on the much sturdier and taller city ramparts.

🔗

peitho thumos

Lines 155–163

in defence of their own lives and of the huts and of the swift-faring ships. And like snow-flakes the stones fell ever earthward, like flakes that a blustering wind, as it driveth the shadowy clouds, sheddeth thick and fast upon the bounteous earth; even so flowed the missiles from the hands of these, of Achaeans alike and Trojans; and helms rang harshly and bossed shields, as they were smitten with great stones. Then verily Asius, son of Hyrtacus, uttered a groan, and smote both his thighs, and in sore indignation he spake, saying: Father Zeus, of a surety thou too then art utterly a lover of lies,for I deemed not that the Achaean warriors would stay our might and our invincible hands. But they like wasps of nimble557.1 waist, or bees that have made their nest in a rugged path, and leave not their hollow home, but abide,and in defence of their young ward off hunter folk; even so these men, though they be but two, are not minded to give ground from the gate, till they either slay or be slain. So spake he, but with these words he moved not the mind of Zeus, for it was to Hector that Zeus willed to vouchsafe glory.

βάλλον ἀμυνόμενοι σφῶν τʼ αὐτῶν καὶ κλισιάων νηῶν τʼ ὠκυπόρων· νιφάδες δʼ ὡς πῖπτον ἔραζε, ἅς τʼ ἄνεμος ζαὴς νέφεα σκιόεντα δονήσας ταρφειὰς κατέχευεν ἐπὶ χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ· ὣς τῶν ἐκ χειρῶν βέλεα ῥέον ἠμὲν Ἀχαιῶν ἠδὲ καὶ ἐκ Τρώων· κόρυθες δʼ ἀμφʼ αὖον ἀΰτευν βαλλομένων μυλάκεσσι καὶ ἀσπίδες ὀμφαλόεσσαι. δή ῥα τότʼ ᾤμωξεν καὶ ὣ πεπλήγετο μηρὼ Ἄσιος Ὑρτακίδης, καὶ ἀλαστήσας ἔπος ηὔδα·

🔗

Asius to Zeus

Lines 164–172

for I deemed not that the Achaean warriors would stay our might and our invincible hands. But they like wasps of nimble557.1 waist, or bees that have made their nest in a rugged path, and leave not their hollow home, but abide, and in defence of their young ward off hunter folk; even so these men, though they be but two, are not minded to give ground from the gate, till they either slay or be slain.

Ζεῦ πάτερ ἦ ῥά νυ καὶ σὺ φιλοψευδὴς ἐτέτυξο πάγχυ μάλʼ· οὐ γὰρ ἔγωγʼ ἐφάμην ἥρωας Ἀχαιοὺς σχήσειν ἡμέτερόν γε μένος καὶ χεῖρας ἀάπτους. οἳ δʼ, ὥς τε σφῆκες μέσον αἰόλοι ἠὲ μέλισσαι οἰκία ποιήσωνται ὁδῷ ἔπι παιπαλοέσσῃ, οὐδʼ ἀπολείπουσιν κοῖλον δόμον, ἀλλὰ μένοντες ἄνδρας θηρητῆρας ἀμύνονται περὶ τέκνων, ὣς οἵ γʼ οὐκ ἐθέλουσι πυλάων καὶ δύʼ ἐόντε χάσσασθαι πρίν γʼ ἠὲ κατακτάμεν ἠὲ ἁλῶναι.

Lattimore commentary

Unusually, a character employs a full-scale Homeric simile in his own speech, during battle.

🔗

menos

Lines 173–187

But others were fighting in battle about the other gates, and hard were it for me, as though I were a god, to tell the tale of all these things, for everywhere about the wall of stone rose the wondrous-blazing fire; for the Argives, albeit in sore distress, defended their ships perforce; and the gods were grieved at heart, all that were helpers of the Danaans in battle. And the Lapiths clashed in war and strife. Then the son of Peirithous, mighty Polypoetes, cast with his spear and smote Damasus through the helmet with cheek pieces of bronze; and the bronze helm stayed not the spear, but the point of bronze brake clean through the bone, and all the brain was spattered about within; so stayed he him in his fury. And thereafter he slew Pylon and Ormenus. And Leonteus, scion of Ares, smote Hippomachus, son of Antimachus, with a cast of his spear, striking him upon the girdle.

ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδὲ Διὸς πεῖθε φρένα ταῦτʼ ἀγορεύων· Ἕκτορι γάρ οἱ θυμὸς ἐβούλετο κῦδος ὀρέξαι. ἄλλοι δʼ ἀμφʼ ἄλλῃσι μάχην ἐμάχοντο πύλῃσιν· ἀργαλέον δέ με ταῦτα θεὸν ὣς πάντʼ ἀγορεῦσαι· πάντῃ γὰρ περὶ τεῖχος ὀρώρει θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ λάϊνον· Ἀργεῖοι δὲ καὶ ἀχνύμενοί περ ἀνάγκῃ νηῶν ἠμύνοντο· θεοὶ δʼ ἀκαχήατο θυμὸν πάντες ὅσοι Δαναοῖσι μάχης ἐπιτάρροθοι ἦσαν. σὺν δʼ ἔβαλον Λαπίθαι πόλεμον καὶ δηϊοτῆτα. ἔνθʼ αὖ Πειριθόου υἱὸς κρατερὸς Πολυποίτης δουρὶ βάλεν Δάμασον κυνέης διὰ χαλκοπαρῄου· οὐδʼ ἄρα χαλκείη κόρυς ἔσχεθεν, ἀλλὰ διὰ πρὸ αἰχμὴ χαλκείη ῥῆξʼ ὀστέον, ἐγκέφαλος δὲ ἔνδον ἅπας πεπάλακτο· δάμασσε δέ μιν μεμαῶτα· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα Πύλωνα καὶ Ὄρμενον ἐξενάριξεν.

Lattimore commentary

The basic scenario of simultaneous attack on multiple gates may owe something to the story of the Seven against Thebes, the gates of which were attacked by as many companies of warriors with their champions. Such a complex scene is intrinsically challenging for the omniscient narrator, as the poet goes on to say (176), but it may have provided a tour de force exhibition of compositional skill.

🔗

peitho phren thumos

Lines 188–202

And again he drew from its sheath his sharp sword and darting upon him through the throng smote Antiphates first in close fight, so that he was hurled backward upon the ground; and thereafter Menon, and Iamenus, and Orestes, all of these one after the other he brought down to the bounteous earth. While they were stripping from these their shining arms, meanwhile the youths that followed with Polydamas and Hector, even they that were most in number and bravest, and that most were fain to break through the wall and burn the ships with fire, these still tarried in doubt, as they stood by the trench. For a bird had come upon them, as they were eager to cross over, an eagle of lofty flight, skirting the host on the left, and in its talons it bore a blood-red, monstrous snake, still alive as if struggling, nor was it yet forgetful of combat, it writhed backward, and smote him that held it on the breast beside the neck,

υἱὸν δʼ Ἀντιμάχοιο Λεοντεὺς ὄζος Ἄρηος Ἱππόμαχον βάλε δουρὶ κατὰ ζωστῆρα τυχήσας. αὖτις δʼ ἐκ κολεοῖο ἐρυσσάμενος ξίφος ὀξὺ Ἀντιφάτην μὲν πρῶτον ἐπαΐξας διʼ ὁμίλου πλῆξʼ αὐτοσχεδίην· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ ὕπτιος οὔδει ἐρείσθη· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα Μένωνα καὶ Ἰαμενὸν καὶ Ὀρέστην πάντας ἐπασσυτέρους πέλασε χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ. ὄφρʼ οἳ τοὺς ἐνάριζον ἀπʼ ἔντεα μαρμαίροντα, τόφρʼ οἳ Πουλυδάμαντι καὶ Ἕκτορι κοῦροι ἕποντο, οἳ πλεῖστοι καὶ ἄριστοι ἔσαν, μέμασαν δὲ μάλιστα τεῖχός τε ῥήξειν καὶ ἐνιπρήσειν πυρὶ νῆας, οἵ ῥʼ ἔτι μερμήριζον ἐφεσταότες παρὰ τάφρῳ. ὄρνις γάρ σφιν ἐπῆλθε περησέμεναι μεμαῶσιν αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων φοινήεντα δράκοντα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον

Lattimore commentary

From the ill fate of the division under Asios—the most reckless ally in the attack—the focus moves to Hektor, usually the most sensible. The mood of near victory and its unbearable tension is encapsulated in Hektor’s response to Poulydamas’ counsel of caution. Favored as he thinks he is by Zeus, Hektor scorns omens. The striking line 243 (“One bird sign is best... ”) was a favorite in antiquity: Pliny the Younger recalls (Letter 1.18.3) how as an eighteen-year-old apprentice Roman lawyer (in 80 AD), he plucked up his courage with this sentiment. Teachers of rhetoric in the fourth century AD were still urging pupils to make use of the maxim.

🔗

Lines 203–210

till the eagle, stung with pain, cast it from him to the ground, and let it fall in the midst of the throng, and himself with a loud cry sped away down the blasts of the wind. And the Trojans shuddered when they saw the writhing snake lying in the midst of them, a portent of Zeus that beareth the aegis. Then verily Polydamas drew near, and spake to bold Hector: Hector, ever dost thou rebuke me in the gatherings of the folk, though I give good counsel, since it were indeed unseemly that a man of the people should speak contrariwise to thee, be it in council or in war, but he should ever increase thy might;yet now will I speak even as seemeth to me to be best. Let us not go forward to fight with the Danaans for the ships. For thus, methinks, will the issue be, seeing that in sooth this bird has come upon the Trojans, as they were eager to cross over, an eagle of lofty flight, skirting the host on the left,bearing in his talons a blood-red, monstrous snake, still living, yet straightway let it fall before he reached his own nest, neither finished he his course, to bring and give it to his little ones—even so shall we, though we break the gates and the wall of the Achaeans by our great might, and the Achaeans give way,come back over the selfsame road from the ships in disarray; for many of the Trojans shall we leave behind, whom th Achaeans shall slay with the bronze in defense of the ships. On this wise would a soothsayer interpret, one that in his mind had clear knowledge of omens, and to whom the folk gave ear.

ζωὸν ἔτʼ ἀσπαίροντα, καὶ οὔ πω λήθετο χάρμης, κόψε γὰρ αὐτὸν ἔχοντα κατὰ στῆθος παρὰ δειρὴν ἰδνωθεὶς ὀπίσω· ὃ δʼ ἀπὸ ἕθεν ἧκε χαμᾶζε ἀλγήσας ὀδύνῃσι, μέσῳ δʼ ἐνὶ κάββαλʼ ὁμίλῳ, αὐτὸς δὲ κλάγξας πέτετο πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο. Τρῶες δʼ ἐρρίγησαν ὅπως ἴδον αἰόλον ὄφιν κείμενον ἐν μέσσοισι Διὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο. δὴ τότε Πουλυδάμας θρασὺν Ἕκτορα εἶπε παραστάς·

🔗

Polydamas to Hector

Lines 211–229

yet now will I speak even as seemeth to me to be best. Let us not go forward to fight with the Danaans for the ships. For thus, methinks, will the issue be, seeing that in sooth this bird has come upon the Trojans, as they were eager to cross over, an eagle of lofty flight, skirting the host on the left, bearing in his talons a blood-red, monstrous snake, still living, yet straightway let it fall before he reached his own nest, neither finished he his course, to bring and give it to his little ones—even so shall we, though we break the gates and the wall of the Achaeans by our great might, and the Achaeans give way, come back over the selfsame road from the ships in disarray; for many of the Trojans shall we leave behind, whom th Achaeans shall slay with the bronze in defense of the ships. On this wise would a soothsayer interpret, one that in his mind had clear knowledge of omens, and to whom the folk gave ear.

Ἕκτορ ἀεὶ μέν πώς μοι ἐπιπλήσσεις ἀγορῇσιν ἐσθλὰ φραζομένῳ, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδὲ ἔοικε δῆμον ἐόντα παρὲξ ἀγορευέμεν, οὔτʼ ἐνὶ βουλῇ οὔτέ ποτʼ ἐν πολέμῳ, σὸν δὲ κράτος αἰὲν ἀέξειν· νῦν αὖτʼ ἐξερέω ὥς μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα. μὴ ἴομεν Δαναοῖσι μαχησόμενοι περὶ νηῶν. ὧδε γὰρ ἐκτελέεσθαι ὀΐομαι, εἰ ἐτεόν γε Τρωσὶν ὅδʼ ὄρνις ἦλθε περησέμεναι μεμαῶσιν αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων φοινήεντα δράκοντα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον ζωόν· ἄφαρ δʼ ἀφέηκε πάρος φίλα οἰκίʼ ἱκέσθαι, οὐδʼ ἐτέλεσσε φέρων δόμεναι τεκέεσσιν ἑοῖσιν. ὣς ἡμεῖς, εἴ πέρ τε πύλας καὶ τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν ῥηξόμεθα σθένεϊ μεγάλῳ, εἴξωσι δʼ Ἀχαιοί, οὐ κόσμῳ παρὰ ναῦφιν ἐλευσόμεθʼ αὐτὰ κέλευθα· πολλοὺς γὰρ Τρώων καταλείψομεν, οὕς κεν Ἀχαιοὶ χαλκῷ δῃώσωσιν ἀμυνόμενοι περὶ νηῶν. ὧδέ χʼ ὑποκρίναιτο θεοπρόπος, ὃς σάφα θυμῷ εἰδείη τεράων καί οἱ πειθοίατο λαοί.

🔗

peitho thumos

Lines 230

Then with an angry glance from beneath his brows spake to him Hector of the flashing helm: Polydamas, this that thou sayest is no longer to my pleasure; yea, thou knowest how to devise better words than these. But if thou verily speakest thus in earnest, then of a surety have the gods themselves destroyed thy wits,seeing thou biddest me forget the counsels of loud-thundering Zeus, that himself promised me and bowed his head thereto. But thou biddest us be obedient to birds long of wing, that I regard not, nor take thought thereof, whether they fare to the right, toward the Dawn and the sun,or to the left toward the murky darkness. nay, for us, let us be obedient to the counsel of great Zeus, that is king over all mortals and immortals. One omen is best, to fight for one's country. Wherefore dost thou fear war and battle?For if the rest of us be slain one and all at the ships of the Argives, yet is there no fear that thou shouldest perish,—for thy heart is—not staunch in fight nor warlike. Howbeit, if thou shalt hold aloof from battle, or shalt beguile with thy words an other, and turn him from war,forthwith smitten by my spear shalt thou lose thy life. So spake he and led the way; and they followed after with a wondrous din; and thereat Zeus, that hurleth the thunderbolt, roused from the mountains of Ida a blast of wind, that bare the dust straight against the ships and he bewildered the mind of the Achaeans, but vouchsafed glory to the Trojans and to Hector. Trusting therefore in his portents and in their might they sought to break the great wall of the Achaeans. The pinnets563.1 of the fortifications they dragged down and overthrew the battlements, and pried out the supporting beams that the Achaeans had set

τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ·

🔗

Hector to Polydamas

Lines 231–250

seeing thou biddest me forget the counsels of loud-thundering Zeus, that himself promised me and bowed his head thereto. But thou biddest us be obedient to birds long of wing, that I regard not, nor take thought thereof, whether they fare to the right, toward the Dawn and the sun, or to the left toward the murky darkness. nay, for us, let us be obedient to the counsel of great Zeus, that is king over all mortals and immortals. One omen is best, to fight for one's country. Wherefore dost thou fear war and battle? For if the rest of us be slain one and all at the ships of the Argives, yet is there no fear that thou shouldest perish,—for thy heart is—not staunch in fight nor warlike. Howbeit, if thou shalt hold aloof from battle, or shalt beguile with thy words an other, and turn him from war, forthwith smitten by my spear shalt thou lose thy life.

Πουλυδάμα, σὺ μὲν οὐκ ἔτʼ ἐμοὶ φίλα ταῦτʼ ἀγορεύεις· οἶσθα καὶ ἄλλον μῦθον ἀμείνονα τοῦδε νοῆσαι. εἰ δʼ ἐτεὸν δὴ τοῦτον ἀπὸ σπουδῆς ἀγορεύεις, ἐξ ἄρα δή τοι ἔπειτα θεοὶ φρένας ὤλεσαν αὐτοί, ὃς κέλεαι Ζηνὸς μὲν ἐριγδούποιο λαθέσθαι βουλέων, ἅς τέ μοι αὐτὸς ὑπέσχετο καὶ κατένευσε· τύνη δʼ οἰωνοῖσι τανυπτερύγεσσι κελεύεις πείθεσθαι, τῶν οὔ τι μετατρέπομʼ οὐδʼ ἀλεγίζω εἴτʼ ἐπὶ δεξίʼ ἴωσι πρὸς ἠῶ τʼ ἠέλιόν τε, εἴτʼ ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ τοί γε ποτὶ ζόφον ἠερόεντα. ἡμεῖς δὲ μεγάλοιο Διὸς πειθώμεθα βουλῇ, ὃς πᾶσι θνητοῖσι καὶ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀνάσσει. εἷς οἰωνὸς ἄριστος ἀμύνεσθαι περὶ πάτρης. τίπτε σὺ δείδοικας πόλεμον καὶ δηϊοτῆτα; εἴ περ γάρ τʼ ἄλλοι γε περὶ κτεινώμεθα πάντες νηυσὶν ἐπʼ Ἀργείων, σοὶ δʼ οὐ δέος ἔστʼ ἀπολέσθαι· οὐ γάρ τοι κραδίη μενεδήϊος οὐδὲ μαχήμων. εἰ δὲ σὺ δηϊοτῆτος ἀφέξεαι, ἠέ τινʼ ἄλλον παρφάμενος ἐπέεσσιν ἀποτρέψεις πολέμοιο, αὐτίκʼ ἐμῷ ὑπὸ δουρὶ τυπεὶς ἀπὸ θυμὸν ὀλέσσεις.

🔗

kradie peitho phren thumos

Lines 251–265

first in the earth as buttresses for the wall. These they sought to drag out, and hoped to break the wall of the Achaeans. Howbeit not even now did the Danaans give ground from the path, but closed up the battlements with bull's-hides, and therefrom cast at the foemen, as they came up against the wall. And the two Aiantes ranged everywhere along the walls urging men on, and arousing the might of the Achaeans. One man with gentle words, another with harsh would they chide, whomsoever they saw giving ground utterly from the fight: Friends, whoso is pre-eminent among the Danaans, whoso holds a middle place,or whoso is lesser, for in nowise are all men equal in war, now is there a work for all, and this, I ween, ye know even of yourselves. Let no man turn him back to the ships now that he has heard one that cheers him on;565.1 nay, press ye forward, and urge ye one the other,in hope that Olympian Zeus, lord of the lightning, may grant us to thrust back the assault and drive our foes to the city.

ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἡγήσατο, τοὶ δʼ ἅμʼ ἕποντο ἠχῇ θεσπεσίῃ· ἐπὶ δὲ Ζεὺς τερπικέραυνος ὦρσεν ἀπʼ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ἀνέμοιο θύελλαν, ἥ ῥʼ ἰθὺς νηῶν κονίην φέρεν· αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιῶν θέλγε νόον, Τρωσὶν δὲ καὶ Ἕκτορι κῦδος ὄπαζε. τοῦ περ δὴ τεράεσσι πεποιθότες ἠδὲ βίηφι ῥήγνυσθαι μέγα τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν πειρήτιζον. κρόσσας μὲν πύργων ἔρυον, καὶ ἔρειπον ἐπάλξεις, στήλας τε προβλῆτας ἐμόχλεον, ἃς ἄρʼ Ἀχαιοὶ πρώτας ἐν γαίῃ θέσαν ἔμμεναι ἔχματα πύργων. τὰς οἵ γʼ αὐέρυον, ἔλποντο δὲ τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν ῥήξειν· οὐδέ νύ πω Δαναοὶ χάζοντο κελεύθου, ἀλλʼ οἵ γε ῥινοῖσι βοῶν φράξαντες ἐπάλξεις βάλλον ἀπʼ αὐτάων δηΐους ὑπὸ τεῖχος ἰόντας. ἀμφοτέρω δʼ Αἴαντε κελευτιόωντʼ ἐπὶ πύργων

🔗

menos noos peitho

Lines 266–268

πάντοσε φοιτήτην μένος ὀτρύνοντες Ἀχαιῶν. ἄλλον μειλιχίοις, ἄλλον στερεοῖς ἐπέεσσι νείκεον, ὅν τινα πάγχυ μάχης μεθιέντα ἴδοιεν·

🔗

Aias (son Of Oileus)/aias (son Of Telamon) to Greeks

Lines 269–276

or whoso is lesser, for in nowise are all men equal in war, now is there a work for all, and this, I ween, ye know even of yourselves. Let no man turn him back to the ships now that he has heard one that cheers him on;565.1 nay, press ye forward, and urge ye one the other, in hope that Olympian Zeus, lord of the lightning, may grant us to thrust back the assault and drive our foes to the city.

ὦ φίλοι Ἀργείων ὅς τʼ ἔξοχος ὅς τε μεσήεις ὅς τε χερειότερος, ἐπεὶ οὔ πω πάντες ὁμοῖοι ἀνέρες ἐν πολέμῳ, νῦν ἔπλετο ἔργον ἅπασι· καὶ δʼ αὐτοὶ τόδε που γιγνώσκετε. μή τις ὀπίσσω τετράφθω ποτὶ νῆας ὁμοκλητῆρος ἀκούσας, ἀλλὰ πρόσω ἵεσθε καὶ ἀλλήλοισι κέλεσθε, αἴ κε Ζεὺς δώῃσιν Ὀλύμπιος ἀστεροπητὴς νεῖκος ἀπωσαμένους δηΐους προτὶ ἄστυ δίεσθαι.

🔗

Lines 277–291

bestirreth him to snow, shewing forth to men these arrows of his, and he lulleth the winds and sheddeth the flakes continually, until he hath covered the peaks of the lofty mountains and the high headlands, and the grassy plains, and the rich tillage of men; aye, and over the harbours and shores of the grey sea is the snow strewn, albeit the wave as it beateth against it keepeth it off, but all things beside are wrapped therein, when the storm of Zeus driveth it on: even so from both sides their stones flew thick, some upon the Trojans, and some from the Trojans upon the Achaeans, as they cast at one another; and over all the wall the din arose. Yet not even then would the Trojans and glorious Hector have broken the gates of the wall and the long bar, had not Zeus the counsellor roused his own son, Sarpedon, against the Argives, as a lion against sleek kine. Forthwith he held before him his shield that was well balanced upon every side,

ὣς τώ γε προβοῶντε μάχην ὄτρυνον Ἀχαιῶν. τῶν δʼ, ὥς τε νιφάδες χιόνος πίπτωσι θαμειαὶ ἤματι χειμερίῳ, ὅτε τʼ ὤρετο μητίετα Ζεὺς νιφέμεν ἀνθρώποισι πιφαυσκόμενος τὰ ἃ κῆλα· κοιμήσας δʼ ἀνέμους χέει ἔμπεδον, ὄφρα καλύψῃ ὑψηλῶν ὀρέων κορυφὰς καὶ πρώονας ἄκρους καὶ πεδία λωτοῦντα καὶ ἀνδρῶν πίονα ἔργα, καί τʼ ἐφʼ ἁλὸς πολιῆς κέχυται λιμέσιν τε καὶ ἀκταῖς, κῦμα δέ μιν προσπλάζον ἐρύκεται· ἄλλά τε πάντα εἴλυται καθύπερθʼ, ὅτʼ ἐπιβρίσῃ Διὸς ὄμβρος· ὣς τῶν ἀμφοτέρωσε λίθοι πωτῶντο θαμειαί, αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἐς Τρῶας, αἱ δʼ ἐκ Τρώων ἐς Ἀχαιούς, βαλλομένων· τὸ δὲ τεῖχος ὕπερ πᾶν δοῦπος ὀρώρει. οὐδʼ ἄν πω τότε γε Τρῶες καὶ φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ τείχεος ἐρρήξαντο πύλας καὶ μακρὸν ὀχῆα,

🔗

Lines 292–306

a fair shield of hammered bronze,—that the bronze-smith had hammered out, and had stitched the many bull's-hides within with stitches565.2 of gold that ran all about its circuit. This he held before him, and brandished two spears, and so went his way like a mountain-nurtured lion that hath long lacked meat, and his proud spirit biddeth him go even into the close-built fold to make an attack upon the flocks. For even though he find thereby the herdsmen with dogs and spears keeping watch over the sheep, yet is he not minded to be driven from the steading ere he maketh essay; but either he leapeth amid the flock and seizeth one, or is himself smitten as a foremost champion by a javelin from a swift hand: even so did his spirit then urge godlike Sarpedon to rush upon the wall, and break-down the battlements. Straightway then he spake to Glaucus, son of Hippolochus:

εἰ μὴ ἄρʼ υἱὸν ἑὸν Σαρπηδόνα μητίετα Ζεὺς ὦρσεν ἐπʼ Ἀργείοισι λέονθʼ ὣς βουσὶν ἕλιξιν. αὐτίκα δʼ ἀσπίδα μὲν πρόσθʼ ἔσχετο πάντοσʼ ἐΐσην καλὴν χαλκείην ἐξήλατον, ἣν ἄρα χαλκεὺς ἤλασεν, ἔντοσθεν δὲ βοείας ῥάψε θαμειὰς χρυσείῃς ῥάβδοισι διηνεκέσιν περὶ κύκλον. τὴν ἄρʼ ὅ γε πρόσθε σχόμενος δύο δοῦρε τινάσσων βῆ ῥʼ ἴμεν ὥς τε λέων ὀρεσίτροφος, ὅς τʼ ἐπιδευὴς δηρὸν ἔῃ κρειῶν, κέλεται δέ ἑ θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ μήλων πειρήσοντα καὶ ἐς πυκινὸν δόμον ἐλθεῖν· εἴ περ γάρ χʼ εὕρῃσι παρʼ αὐτόφι βώτορας ἄνδρας σὺν κυσὶ καὶ δούρεσσι φυλάσσοντας περὶ μῆλα, οὔ ῥά τʼ ἀπείρητος μέμονε σταθμοῖο δίεσθαι, ἀλλʼ ὅ γʼ ἄρʼ ἢ ἥρπαξε μετάλμενος, ἠὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἔβλητʼ ἐν πρώτοισι θοῆς ἀπὸ χειρὸς ἄκοντι·

🔗

thumos

Lines 307–309

ὥς ῥα τότʼ ἀντίθεον Σαρπηδόνα θυμὸς ἀνῆκε τεῖχος ἐπαΐξαι διά τε ῥήξασθαι ἐπάλξεις. αὐτίκα δὲ Γλαῦκον προσέφη παῖδʼ Ἱππολόχοιο·

🔗

thumos

Sarpedon to Glaucus (lycian)

Lines 310–328

Glaucus, wherefore is it that we twain are held in honour above all with seats, and messes, and full cups in Lycia, and all men gaze upon us as on gods? Aye, and we possess a great demesne by the banks of Xanthus, a fair tract of orchard and of wheat-bearing plough-land.Therefore now it behoveth us to take our stand amid the foremost Lycians, and confront the blazing battle that many a one of the mail-clad Lycians may say: Verily no inglorious men be these that rule in Lycia, even our kings, they that eat fat sheepand drink choice wine, honey-sweet: nay, but their might too is goodly, seeing they fight amid the foremost Lycians. Ah friend, if once escaped from this battle we were for ever to be ageless and immortal, neither should I fight myself amid the foremost,nor should I send thee into battle where men win glory; but now—for in any case fates of death beset us, fates past counting, which no mortal may escape or avoid—now let us go forward, whether we shall give glory to another, or another to us. Therefore now it behoveth us to take our stand amid the foremost Lycians, and confront the blazing battle that many a one of the mail-clad Lycians may say: Verily no inglorious men be these that rule in Lycia, even our kings, they that eat fat sheepand drink choice wine, honey-sweet: nay, but their might too is goodly, seeing they fight amid the foremost Lycians. Ah friend, if once escaped from this battle we were for ever to be ageless and immortal, neither should I fight myself amid the foremost,nor should I send thee into battle where men win glory; but now—for in any case fates of death beset us, fates past counting, which no mortal may escape or avoid—now let us go forward, whether we shall give glory to another, or another to us. and drink choice wine, honey-sweet: nay, but their might too is goodly, seeing they fight amid the foremost Lycians. Ah friend, if once escaped from this battle we were for ever to be ageless and immortal, neither should I fight myself amid the foremost, nor should I send thee into battle where men win glory; but now—for in any case fates of death beset us, fates past counting, which no mortal may escape or avoid—now let us go forward, whether we shall give glory to another, or another to us.

Γλαῦκε τί ἢ δὴ νῶϊ τετιμήμεσθα μάλιστα ἕδρῃ τε κρέασίν τε ἰδὲ πλείοις δεπάεσσιν ἐν Λυκίῃ, πάντες δὲ θεοὺς ὣς εἰσορόωσι, καὶ τέμενος νεμόμεσθα μέγα Ξάνθοιο παρʼ ὄχθας καλὸν φυταλιῆς καὶ ἀρούρης πυροφόροιο; τὼ νῦν χρὴ Λυκίοισι μέτα πρώτοισιν ἐόντας ἑστάμεν ἠδὲ μάχης καυστείρης ἀντιβολῆσαι, ὄφρά τις ὧδʼ εἴπῃ Λυκίων πύκα θωρηκτάων· οὐ μὰν ἀκλεέες Λυκίην κάτα κοιρανέουσιν ἡμέτεροι βασιλῆες, ἔδουσί τε πίονα μῆλα οἶνόν τʼ ἔξαιτον μελιηδέα· ἀλλʼ ἄρα καὶ ἲς ἐσθλή, ἐπεὶ Λυκίοισι μέτα πρώτοισι μάχονται. ὦ πέπον εἰ μὲν γὰρ πόλεμον περὶ τόνδε φυγόντε αἰεὶ δὴ μέλλοιμεν ἀγήρω τʼ ἀθανάτω τε ἔσσεσθʼ, οὔτέ κεν αὐτὸς ἐνὶ πρώτοισι μαχοίμην οὔτέ κε σὲ στέλλοιμι μάχην ἐς κυδιάνειραν· νῦν δʼ ἔμπης γὰρ κῆρες ἐφεστᾶσιν θανάτοιο μυρίαι, ἃς οὐκ ἔστι φυγεῖν βροτὸν οὐδʼ ὑπαλύξαι, ἴομεν ἠέ τῳ εὖχος ὀρέξομεν ἠέ τις ἡμῖν.

Lattimore commentary

The most explicit expression in Homer of a heroic contract: Sarpedon reminds his cousin of the warrior’s obligation to fight in the front line in exchange for community support and special treatment. The point of 323 seems to be that such regard continues after the fighter’s death. The word temenos (“piece of land”: 313) can designate a plot set aside as a gift, but also (and primarily, in post-Homeric Greek) a sacred precinct for a god or hero. The latter were worshiped in cults with dedications of wine and other liquids, and animal sacrifice (cf. 319, of the living). In addition to outlining the economy of heroism, Sarpedon implies that war itself is a non-zero-sum game in which one can get glory by slaying but also give it by being slain.

🔗

Lines 329–342

neither disobeyed him, but the twain went straight forward, leading the great host of the Lycians. At sight of them, Menestheus, son of Peteos, shuddered, for it was to his part of the wall that they came, bearing with them ruin; and he looked in fear along the wall of the Achaeans, in hope that he might see one of the leaders who would ward off bane from his comrades; and he marked the Aiantes twain, insatiate in war, standing there, and Teucer that was newly come from his hut, close at hand; howbeit it was no wise possible for him to shout so as to be heard of them, so great a din was there, and the noise went up to heaven of smitten shields and helms with crests of horse-hair, and of the gates, for all had been closed, and before them stood the foe, and sought to break them by force, and enter in. Forthwith then to Aias he sent the herald Thoötes: Go, goodly Thoötes, run thou, and call Aias, or rather the twain, for that were far best of all,seeing that here will utter ruin soon be wrought. Hard upon us here569.1 press the leaders of the Lycians, who of old have ever been fierce in mighty conflicts. But if with them too yonder the toil of war and strife have arisen, yet at least let valiant Aias, son of Telamon, come alone,and let Teucer, that is well skilled with the bow, follow with him. So spake he, and the herald failed not to hearken as he heard, but set him to run beside the wall of the brazen-coated Achaeans, and he came and stood by the Aiantes, and straightway said: Ye Aiantes twain, leaders of the brazen-coated Achaeans,the son of Peteos, nurtured of Zeus, biddeth you go thither, that, though it be but for a little space, ye may confront the toil of war—both of you, if so may be, for that were far best Of all, seeing that yonder will utter ruin soon be wrought. Hard upon them there press the leaders of the Lycians, who of oldhave ever been fierce in mighty conflicts. But if here too war and strife have arisen, yet at least let valiant Aias, son of Telamon, go alone, and let Teucer, that is well skilled with the bow, follow with him.

ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδὲ Γλαῦκος ἀπετράπετʼ οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε· τὼ δʼ ἰθὺς βήτην Λυκίων μέγα ἔθνος ἄγοντε. τοὺς δὲ ἰδὼν ῥίγησʼ υἱὸς Πετεῶο Μενεσθεύς· τοῦ γὰρ δὴ πρὸς πύργον ἴσαν κακότητα φέροντες. πάπτηνεν δʼ ἀνὰ πύργον Ἀχαιῶν εἴ τινʼ ἴδοιτο ἡγεμόνων, ὅς τίς οἱ ἀρὴν ἑτάροισιν ἀμύναι· ἐς δʼ ἐνόησʼ Αἴαντε δύω πολέμου ἀκορήτω ἑσταότας, Τεῦκρόν τε νέον κλισίηθεν ἰόντα ἐγγύθεν· ἀλλʼ οὔ πώς οἱ ἔην βώσαντι γεγωνεῖν· τόσσος γὰρ κτύπος ἦεν, ἀϋτὴ δʼ οὐρανὸν ἷκε, βαλλομένων σακέων τε καὶ ἱπποκόμων τρυφαλειῶν καὶ πυλέων· πᾶσαι γὰρ ἐπώχατο, τοὶ δὲ κατʼ αὐτὰς ἱστάμενοι πειρῶντο βίῃ ῥήξαντες ἐσελθεῖν. αἶψα δʼ ἐπʼ Αἴαντα προΐει κήρυκα Θοώτην·

🔗

Menestheus to Thootes

Lines 343–350

seeing that here will utter ruin soon be wrought. Hard upon us here569.1 press the leaders of the Lycians, who of old have ever been fierce in mighty conflicts. But if with them too yonder the toil of war and strife have arisen, yet at least let valiant Aias, son of Telamon, come alone, and let Teucer, that is well skilled with the bow, follow with him.

ἔρχεο δῖε Θοῶτα, θέων Αἴαντα κάλεσσον, ἀμφοτέρω μὲν μᾶλλον· ὃ γάρ κʼ ὄχʼ ἄριστον ἁπάντων εἴη, ἐπεὶ τάχα τῇδε τετεύξεται αἰπὺς ὄλεθρος. ὧδε γὰρ ἔβρισαν Λυκίων ἀγοί, οἳ τὸ πάρος περ ζαχρηεῖς τελέθουσι κατὰ κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας. εἰ δέ σφιν καὶ κεῖθι πόνος καὶ νεῖκος ὄρωρεν, ἀλλά περ οἶος ἴτω Τελαμώνιος ἄλκιμος Αἴας, καί οἱ Τεῦκρος ἅμα σπέσθω τόξων ἐῢ εἰδώς.

🔗

Lines 351–353

ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἄρα οἱ κῆρυξ ἀπίθησεν ἀκούσας, βῆ δὲ θέειν παρὰ τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων, στῆ δὲ παρʼ Αἰάντεσσι κιών, εἶθαρ δὲ προσηύδα·

🔗

Thootes to Aias (son Of Oileus)/aias (son Of Telamon)

Lines 354–363

the son of Peteos, nurtured of Zeus, biddeth you go thither, that, though it be but for a little space, ye may confront the toil of war—both of you, if so may be, for that were far best Of all, seeing that yonder will utter ruin soon be wrought. Hard upon them there press the leaders of the Lycians, who of old have ever been fierce in mighty conflicts. But if here too war and strife have arisen, yet at least let valiant Aias, son of Telamon, go alone, and let Teucer, that is well skilled with the bow, follow with him.

Αἴαντʼ Ἀργείων ἡγήτορε χαλκοχιτώνων ἠνώγει Πετεῶο διοτρεφέος φίλος υἱὸς κεῖσʼ ἴμεν, ὄφρα πόνοιο μίνυνθά περ ἀντιάσητον ἀμφοτέρω μὲν μᾶλλον· ὃ γάρ κʼ ὄχʼ ἄριστον ἁπάντων εἴη, ἐπεὶ τάχα κεῖθι τετεύξεται αἰπὺς ὄλεθρος· ὧδε γὰρ ἔβρισαν Λυκίων ἀγοί, οἳ τὸ πάρος περ ζαχρηεῖς τελέθουσι κατὰ κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας. εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐνθάδε περ πόλεμος καὶ νεῖκος ὄρωρεν, ἀλλά περ οἶος ἴτω Τελαμώνιος ἄλκιμος Αἴας, καί οἱ Τεῦκρος ἅμα σπέσθω τόξων ἐῢ εἰδώς.

🔗

Lines 364–365

Forthwith he spake winged words to the son of Oïleus: Aias, do ye twain, thou and strong Lycomedes, stand fast here and urge on the Danaans to fight amain, but I will go thither, and confront the war, and quickly will I come again, when to the full I have borne them aid.

ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε μέγας Τελαμώνιος Αἴας. αὐτίκʼ Ὀϊλιάδην ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·

🔗

Aias (son Of Telamon) to Aias (son Of Oileus)

Lines 366–369

Αἶαν σφῶϊ μὲν αὖθι, σὺ καὶ κρατερὸς Λυκομήδης, ἑσταότες Δαναοὺς ὀτρύνετον ἶφι μάχεσθαι· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ κεῖσʼ εἶμι καὶ ἀντιόω πολέμοιο· αἶψα δʼ ἐλεύσομαι αὖτις, ἐπὴν εὖ τοῖς ἐπαμύνω.

🔗

Lines 370–384

So saying Telamonian Aias departed, and with him went Teucer, his own brother, begotten of one father, and with them Pandion bare the curved bow of Teucer. Now when, as they passed along within the wall, they reached the post of great-souled Menestheus—and to men hard pressed they came— the foe were mounting upon the battlements like a dark whirlwind, even the mighty leaders and rulers of the Lycians; and they clashed together in fight, and the battle-cry arose. Then Aias, son of Telamon, was first to slay his man, even great-souled Epicles, comrade of Sarpedon, for he smote him with a huge jagged rock, that lay the topmost of all within the wall by the battlements. Not easily with both hands could a man, such as mortals now are, hold it, were he never so young and strong, but Aias lifted it on high and hurled it, and he shattered the four-horned helmet, and crushed together

ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἀπέβη Τελαμώνιος Αἴας, καί οἱ Τεῦκρος ἅμʼ ᾖε κασίγνητος καὶ ὄπατρος· τοῖς δʼ ἅμα Πανδίων Τεύκρου φέρε καμπύλα τόξα. εὖτε Μενεσθῆος μεγαθύμου πύργον ἵκοντο τείχεος ἐντὸς ἰόντες, ἐπειγομένοισι δʼ ἵκοντο, οἳ δʼ ἐπʼ ἐπάλξεις βαῖνον ἐρεμνῇ λαίλαπι ἶσοι ἴφθιμοι Λυκίων ἡγήτορες ἠδὲ μέδοντες· σὺν δʼ ἐβάλοντο μάχεσθαι ἐναντίον, ὦρτο δʼ ἀϋτή. Αἴας δὲ πρῶτος Τελαμώνιος ἄνδρα κατέκτα Σαρπήδοντος ἑταῖρον Ἐπικλῆα μεγάθυμον μαρμάρῳ ὀκριόεντι βαλών, ὅ ῥα τείχεος ἐντὸς κεῖτο μέγας παρʼ ἔπαλξιν ὑπέρτατος· οὐδέ κέ μιν ῥέα χείρεσσʼ ἀμφοτέρῃς ἔχοι ἀνὴρ οὐδὲ μάλʼ ἡβῶν, οἷοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσʼ· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ ὑψόθεν ἔμβαλʼ ἀείρας, θλάσσε δὲ τετράφαλον κυνέην, σὺν δʼ ὀστέʼ ἄραξε

🔗

Lines 385–399

all the bones of the head of Epicles; and he fell like a diver from the high wall, and his spirit left his bones. And Teucer smote Glaucus, the stalwart son of Hippolochus, as he rushed upon them, with an arrow from the high wall, where he saw his arm uncovered; and he stayed him from fighting. Back from the wall he leapt secretly, that no man of the Achaeans might mark that he had been smitten, and vaunt over him boastfully. But over Sarpedon came grief at Glaucus' departing, so soon as he was ware thereof, yet even so forgat he not to fight, but smote with a thrust of his spear Alcmaon, son of Thestor, with sure aim, and again drew forth the spear. And Alcmaon, following the spear, fell headlong, and about him rang his armour, dight with bronze. But Sarpedon with strong hands caught hold of the battlement and tugged, and the whole length of it gave way, and the wall above was laid bare, and he made a path for many.

πάντʼ ἄμυδις κεφαλῆς· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ ἀρνευτῆρι ἐοικὼς κάππεσʼ ἀφʼ ὑψηλοῦ πύργου, λίπε δʼ ὀστέα θυμός. Τεῦκρος δὲ Γλαῦκον κρατερὸν παῖδʼ Ἱππολόχοιο ἰῷ ἐπεσσύμενον βάλε τείχεος ὑψηλοῖο, ᾗ ῥʼ ἴδε γυμνωθέντα βραχίονα, παῦσε δὲ χάρμης. ἂψ δʼ ἀπὸ τείχεος ἆλτο λαθών, ἵνα μή τις Ἀχαιῶν βλήμενον ἀθρήσειε καὶ εὐχετόῳτʼ ἐπέεσσι. Σαρπήδοντι δʼ ἄχος γένετο Γλαύκου ἀπιόντος αὐτίκʼ ἐπεί τʼ ἐνόησεν· ὅμως δʼ οὐ λήθετο χάρμης, ἀλλʼ ὅ γε Θεστορίδην Ἀλκμάονα δουρὶ τυχήσας νύξʼ, ἐκ δʼ ἔσπασεν ἔγχος· ὃ δʼ ἑσπόμενος πέσε δουρὶ πρηνής, ἀμφὶ δέ οἱ βράχε τεύχεα ποικίλα χαλκῷ, Σαρπηδὼν δʼ ἄρʼ ἔπαλξιν ἑλὼν χερσὶ στιβαρῇσιν ἕλχʼ, ἣ δʼ ἕσπετο πᾶσα διαμπερές, αὐτὰρ ὕπερθε τεῖχος ἐγυμνώθη, πολέεσσι δὲ θῆκε κέλευθον.

Lattimore commentary

So powerful are words as a kind of ammunition in battle that enemies avoid even the appearance of weakness lest the other side boast. The word translated “glory” at 328 means literally “a boast” (eukhos), and shares the root of the verb translated at 391 as “vaunt.”

🔗

thumos

Lines 400–408

But against him came Aias and Teucer at the one moment: Teucer smote him with an arrow on the gleaming baldric of his sheltering shield about his breast, but Zeus warded off the fates from his own son that he should not be laid low at the ships' sterns; and Aias leapt upon him and thrust against his shield, but the spear-point passed not through, howbeit he made him reel in his onset. So he gave ground a little space from the battlement, yet withdrew not wholly, for his spirit hoped to win him glory. And he wheeled about, and called to the godlike Lycians: Ye Lycians, wherefore are ye thus slack in furious valour?Hard is it for me, how mighty so ever I be, alone to breach the wall, and make a path to the ships. Nay, have at them with me; the more men the better work. So spake he; and they, seized with fear of the rebuke of their king, pressed on the more around about their counsellor and king,

τὸν δʼ Αἴας καὶ Τεῦκρος ὁμαρτήσανθʼ ὃ μὲν ἰῷ βεβλήκει τελαμῶνα περὶ στήθεσσι φαεινὸν ἀσπίδος ἀμφιβρότης· ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς κῆρας ἄμυνε παιδὸς ἑοῦ, μὴ νηυσὶν ἔπι πρύμνῃσι δαμείη· Αἴας δʼ ἀσπίδα νύξεν ἐπάλμενος, οὐδὲ διὰ πρὸ ἤλυθεν ἐγχείη, στυφέλιξε δέ μιν μεμαῶτα. χώρησεν δʼ ἄρα τυτθὸν ἐπάλξιος· οὐδʼ ὅ γε πάμπαν χάζετʼ, ἐπεί οἱ θυμὸς ἐέλπετο κῦδος ἀρέσθαι. κέκλετο δʼ ἀντιθέοισιν ἑλιξάμενος Λυκίοισιν·

🔗

thumos

Sarpedon to Lycians

Lines 409–412

Hard is it for me, how mighty so ever I be, alone to breach the wall, and make a path to the ships. Nay, have at them with me; the more men the better work.

ὦ Λύκιοι τί τʼ ἄρʼ ὧδε μεθίετε θούριδος ἀλκῆς; ἀργαλέον δέ μοί ἐστι καὶ ἰφθίμῳ περ ἐόντι μούνῳ ῥηξαμένῳ θέσθαι παρὰ νηυσὶ κέλευθον· ἀλλʼ ἐφομαρτεῖτε· πλεόνων δέ τι ἔργον ἄμεινον.

🔗

Lines 413–427

and the Argives over against them made strong their battalions within the wall; and before them was set a mighty work. For neither could the mighty Lycians break the wall of the Danaans, and make a path to the ships, nor ever could the Danaan spearmen thrust back the Lycians from the walI, when once they had drawn nigh thereto. But as two men with measuring-rods in hand strive about the landmark-stones in a common field, and in a narrow space contend each for his equal share; even so did the battlements hold these apart, and over them they smote the bull's-hide bucklers about one another's breasts, the round shields and fluttering targets. And many were wounded in the flesh by thrusts of the pitiless bronze, both whensoever any turned and his back was left bare, as they fought, and many clean through the very shield.

ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἳ δὲ ἄνακτος ὑποδείσαντες ὁμοκλὴν μᾶλλον ἐπέβρισαν βουληφόρον ἀμφὶ ἄνακτα. Ἀργεῖοι δʼ ἑτέρωθεν ἐκαρτύναντο φάλαγγας τείχεος ἔντοσθεν, μέγα δέ σφισι φαίνετο ἔργον· οὔτε γὰρ ἴφθιμοι Λύκιοι Δαναῶν ἐδύναντο τεῖχος ῥηξάμενοι θέσθαι παρὰ νηυσὶ κέλευθον, οὔτέ ποτʼ αἰχμηταὶ Δαναοὶ Λυκίους ἐδύναντο τείχεος ἂψ ὤσασθαι, ἐπεὶ τὰ πρῶτα πέλασθεν. ἀλλʼ ὥς τʼ ἀμφʼ οὔροισι δύʼ ἀνέρε δηριάασθον μέτρʼ ἐν χερσὶν ἔχοντες ἐπιξύνῳ ἐν ἀρούρῃ, ὥ τʼ ὀλίγῳ ἐνὶ χώρῳ ἐρίζητον περὶ ἴσης, ὣς ἄρα τοὺς διέεργον ἐπάλξιες· οἳ δʼ ὑπὲρ αὐτέων δῄουν ἀλλήλων ἀμφὶ στήθεσσι βοείας ἀσπίδας εὐκύκλους λαισήϊά τε πτερόεντα. πολλοὶ δʼ οὐτάζοντο κατὰ χρόα νηλέϊ χαλκῷ,

🔗

Lines 428–439

Yea, everywhere the walls and battlements were spattered with blood of men from both sides, from Trojans and Achaeams alike. Howbeit even so they could not put the Achaeans to rout, but they held their ground, as a careful woman that laboureth with her hands at spinning, holdeth the balance and raiseth the weight and the wool in either scale, making them equal, that she may win a meagre wage for her children; so evenly was strained their war and battle, until Zeus vouchsafed the glory of victory to Hector, son of Priam, that was first to leap within the wall of the Achaeans he uttered a piercing shout, calling aloud to the Trojans:

ἠμὲν ὅτεῳ στρεφθέντι μετάφρενα γυμνωθείη μαρναμένων, πολλοὶ δὲ διαμπερὲς ἀσπίδος αὐτῆς. πάντῃ δὴ πύργοι καὶ ἐπάλξιες αἵματι φωτῶν ἐρράδατʼ ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἀπὸ Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν. ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ὧς ἐδύναντο φόβον ποιῆσαι Ἀχαιῶν, ἀλλʼ ἔχον ὥς τε τάλαντα γυνὴ χερνῆτις ἀληθής, ἥ τε σταθμὸν ἔχουσα καὶ εἴριον ἀμφὶς ἀνέλκει ἰσάζουσʼ, ἵνα παισὶν ἀεικέα μισθὸν ἄρηται· ὣς μὲν τῶν ἐπὶ ἶσα μάχη τέτατο πτόλεμός τε, πρίν γʼ ὅτε δὴ Ζεὺς κῦδος ὑπέρτερον Ἕκτορι δῶκε Πριαμίδῃ, ὃς πρῶτος ἐσήλατο τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν. ἤϋσεν δὲ διαπρύσιον Τρώεσσι γεγωνώς·

🔗

Hector to Trojans

Lines 440–441

Rouse you horse-taming Trojans, break the wall of the Argives, and fling among the ships wondrous-blazing fire.

ὄρνυσθʼ ἱππόδαμοι Τρῶες, ῥήγνυσθε δὲ τεῖχος Ἀργείων καὶ νηυσὶν ἐνίετε θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ.

🔗

Lines 442–456

And Hector grasped and bore a stone that lay before the gate, thick at the base, but sharp at the point; not easily might two men, the mightiest of the folk, have upheaved it from the ground upon a wain—men, such as mortals now are—yet lightly did he wield it even alone; and the son of crooked-counselling Cronos made it light for him. And as when a shepherd easily beareth the fleece of a ram, taking it in one hand, and but little doth the weight thereof burden him; even so Hector lifted up the stone and bare it straight against the doors that guarded the close and strongly fitted gates— double gates they were, and high, and two cross bars held them within, and a single bolt fastened them. He came and stood hard by, and planting himself smote them full in the midst, setting his feet well apart that his cast might lack no strength; and he brake off both the hinges, and the stone fell within by its own weight,

ὣς φάτʼ ἐποτρύνων, οἳ δʼ οὔασι πάντες ἄκουον, ἴθυσαν δʼ ἐπὶ τεῖχος ἀολλέες· οἳ μὲν ἔπειτα κροσσάων ἐπέβαινον ἀκαχμένα δούρατʼ ἔχοντες, Ἕκτωρ δʼ ἁρπάξας λᾶαν φέρεν, ὅς ῥα πυλάων ἑστήκει πρόσθε πρυμνὸς παχύς, αὐτὰρ ὕπερθεν ὀξὺς ἔην· τὸν δʼ οὔ κε δύʼ ἀνέρε δήμου ἀρίστω ῥηϊδίως ἐπʼ ἄμαξαν ἀπʼ οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν, οἷοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσʼ· ὃ δέ μιν ῥέα πάλλε καὶ οἶος. τόν οἱ ἐλαφρὸν ἔθηκε Κρόνου πάϊς ἀγκυλομήτεω. ὡς δʼ ὅτε ποιμὴν ῥεῖα φέρει πόκον ἄρσενος οἰὸς χειρὶ λαβὼν ἑτέρῃ, ὀλίγον τέ μιν ἄχθος ἐπείγει, ὣς Ἕκτωρ ἰθὺς σανίδων φέρε λᾶαν ἀείρας, αἵ ῥα πύλας εἴρυντο πύκα στιβαρῶς ἀραρυίας δικλίδας ὑψηλάς· δοιοὶ δʼ ἔντοσθεν ὀχῆες εἶχον ἐπημοιβοί, μία δὲ κληῒς ἐπαρήρει.

Lattimore commentary

The exaggerated strength of heroes increases with the ferocity of the attack: at 380, Aias hefts a stone such as no man nowadays might grasp with two hands. Now Hektor pries one loose that would take two ordinary men (with a wagon) to lift. As if on second thought, the poet adds that Zeus made the rock lighter (450)—but leading ancient scholars rejected the additional line.

🔗

Lines 457–471

and loudly groaned the gates on either side, nor did the bars hold fast, but the doors were dashed apart this way and that beneath the onrush of the stone. And glorious Hector leapt within, his face like sudden night; and he shone in terrible bronze wherewith his body was clothed about, and in his hands he held two spears. None that met him could have held him back, none save the gods, when once he leapt within the gates; and his two eyes blazed with fire. And he wheeled him about in the throng, and called to the Trojans to climb over the wall; and they hearkened to his urging. Forthwith some clomb over the wall, and others poured in by the strong-built gate, and the Danaans were driven in rout among the hollow ships, and a ceaseless din arose.

στῆ δὲ μάλʼ ἐγγὺς ἰών, καὶ ἐρεισάμενος βάλε μέσσας εὖ διαβάς, ἵνα μή οἱ ἀφαυρότερον βέλος εἴη, ῥῆξε δʼ ἀπʼ ἀμφοτέρους θαιρούς· πέσε δὲ λίθος εἴσω βριθοσύνῃ, μέγα δʼ ἀμφὶ πύλαι μύκον, οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ὀχῆες ἐσχεθέτην, σανίδες δὲ διέτμαγεν ἄλλυδις ἄλλη λᾶος ὑπὸ ῥιπῆς· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ ἔσθορε φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ νυκτὶ θοῇ ἀτάλαντος ὑπώπια· λάμπε δὲ χαλκῷ σμερδαλέῳ, τὸν ἕεστο περὶ χροΐ, δοιὰ δὲ χερσὶ δοῦρʼ ἔχεν· οὔ κέν τίς μιν ἐρύκακεν ἀντιβολήσας νόσφι θεῶν ὅτʼ ἐσᾶλτο πύλας· πυρὶ δʼ ὄσσε δεδήει. κέκλετο δὲ Τρώεσσιν ἑλιξάμενος καθʼ ὅμιλον τεῖχος ὑπερβαίνειν· τοὶ δʼ ὀτρύνοντι πίθοντο. αὐτίκα δʼ οἳ μὲν τεῖχος ὑπέρβασαν, οἳ δὲ κατʼ αὐτὰς ποιητὰς ἐσέχυντο πύλας· Δαναοὶ δὲ φόβηθεν νῆας ἀνὰ γλαφυράς, ὅμαδος δʼ ἀλίαστος ἐτύχθη.

Lattimore commentary

At the poem’s midpoint, the darkest moment of the Greeks’ situation is embodied in the ambiguous figure of Hektor, bursting through the defensive wall, like blazing fire but also swift night.

🔗

peitho

Lycian to Lycian

Lines 318–321

and drink choice wine, honey-sweet: nay, but their might too is goodly, seeing they fight amid the foremost Lycians. Ah friend, if once escaped from this battle we were for ever to be ageless and immortal, neither should I fight myself amid the foremost,

οὐ μὰν ἀκλεέες Λυκίην κάτα κοιρανέουσιν ἡμέτεροι βασιλῆες, ἔδουσί τε πίονα μῆλα οἶνόν τʼ ἔξαιτον μελιηδέα· ἀλλʼ ἄρα καὶ ἲς ἐσθλή, ἐπεὶ Λυκίοισι μέτα πρώτοισι μάχονται.

🔗