# Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, originator of theories of the unconscious, repression, and the tripartite psychic structure.

**Lived:** 1856–1939 (b. Freiberg, Moravian Empire (now Příbor, Czech Republic))
**Nationality:** Austrian
**Training:** University of Vienna, MD 1881; studied under Franz Brentano (philosophy), Ernst Brücke (physiology), Carl Claus (zoology); research in cerebral anatomy and nervous tissue biology
**Affiliation:** Vienna General Hospital; founder of psychoanalysis

## Key works

- *Studies on Hysteria* (1895)
- *The Interpretation of Dreams* (1900)
- *Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality* (1905)
- *Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics* (1913)
- *The Ego and the Id* (1923)
- *Civilization and Its Discontents* (1930)